The present disclosure provides a method of removing a target substance from blood of a patient, the method comprising steps of: providing a complexing agent, especially a supra-molecular compound or
core particle, adapted for selectively binding a target molecule or target entity in the blood of the patient in a complex, e.g. a supra-molecular complex; administering the complexing agent into the patient's blood, preferably into an
extracorporeal blood flow pathway, for binding with the target molecule or the target entity; conveying the blood having the complexing agent through a treatment zone of an
extracorporeal blood flow pathway for a predetermined period of time to bind or incorporate the target molecule or target entity within the blood in a complex, such as a supra-molecular complex; and removing the complex (e.g. supra-molecular complex) from the blood by haemodialysis, which preferably includes one or more of
filtration,
ultrafiltration,
convection, or adsorption. The disclosure thus also provides a
system (1) for removing a target substance from blood of a patient, the
system (1) comprising: an
extracorporeal blood flow pathway (2) for connection to a patient and for guiding or conveying a flow of blood from the patient along the pathway; a treatment zone (5) arranged in the extracorporeal blood flow pathway (2) for mixing a complexing agent (C) with the blood adapted to bind a target molecule (M) in a complex (X), especially a supra-molecular complex or
core particle complex, as the blood flows through the treatment zone (5); and a haemodialysis unit (4) for separating the complex (X) from the blood via one or more of
filtration, ultra-
filtration,
convection, and
membrane adsorption, with or without magnetic assistance.