To improve
perovskite material durability and efficiency.SOLUTION: A
perovskite material has: a
perovskite crystal lattice having the general formula of CxMyXz; and 1,4-diammonium
butane cations disposed within or at a surface of the perovskite
crystal lattice. In the formula, x, y and z are real numbers; C has one or more cations selected from the group consisting of Group 1 metals, Group 2 metals,
ammonium,
formamidinium, guanidinium, and ethene
tetramine; M has one or more metals each selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Hg, Sn, Ge, Ga, Pb, In, Tl, Sb, Bi, Ti, Zn, Cd, Hg, Zr and combinations thereof; and X has one or more anions each selected from the group consisting of halides, sulfides, selenides, and combinations thereof.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1