The invention relates to a preparation device and method for a high-toughness cast aluminum-based composite material, and belongs to the technical field of metal material processing. The device comprises a stirring mechanism, a feeding hopper, a sealing furnace, a preparation crucible, a heater, a crucible rotating shaft, a mold, a deflation valve and an argon supply device. According to the method, volatile elements and non-volatile elements are separately designed and proportioned, the non-volatile elements are firstly smelted, a reinforcing phase is added, strong shearing and stirring are performed to prepare the aluminum-based composite material, then volatile element alloy is added into the aluminum-based composite material, short-time stirring is performed, component homogenization is promoted, and the high-strength aluminum-based composite material is obtained. And finally, the high-toughness aluminum-based composite material is obtained. According to the device and the method, the technical difficulties that components are difficult to control and the performance fluctuates due to the fact that a large amount of volatile strengthening elements volatilize when the high-toughness aluminum-based composite material is cast through traditional vacuum stirring can be overcome, and the cost is also greatly reduced.