83results about How to "Raise the overpotential" patented technology

Catalysts comprised of at least one catalytically active element and at least one helper catalyst are disclosed. The catalysts may be used to increase the rate, the selectivity or lower the overpotential of chemical reactions. These catalysts may be useful for a variety of chemical reactions including in particular the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to formic acid.

The invention relates to a methanesulfonic acid-based matte pure tin electroplating solution and an additive thereof. Each liter of an aqueous solution agent of the additive comprises the following components based on concentration: 1.5g/L-3g/L of grain refiner, 100g/L-200g/L of non-ionic surfactant, 10g/L-30g/L of antioxidant and 100g/L-150g/L of organic solvent, wherein the grain refiner is particularly heterocyclic compounds, amine compounds or a mixture of the two. The electroplating solution prepared by the additive in the invention has the advantages of good scatter performance, high flexibility and extensibility of the pure tin-based electroplating layer, and good weldability, and prevents the tin whisker from growing for a long time; and meanwhile, the electroplating solution contains no non-biodegradable substances or surfactant harmful to the environment and the like, thus facilitating the treatment of sewage and meeting the requirements for environmental protection. The invention is worthy of popularizing and applying.

Electrochemical devices for converting carbon dioxide to useful reaction products include a solid or a liquid with a specific pH and/or water content. Chemical processes using the devices are also disclosed, including processes to produce CO, HCO⁻, H₂CO, (HCO₂), H₂CO₂, CH₃OH, CH₄, C₂H₄, CH₃CH₂OH, CH₃COO⁻, CH₃COOH, C₂H₆, (COOH)₂, (COO⁻)₂, acrylic acid, diphenyl carbonate, other carbonates, other organic acids and synthetic fuels. The electrochemical device can be a CO₂ sensor.

The electrolytic reduction process for preparing bivalent europium includes using net coated with titanium or plated with noble metal as anode, titanium net or porous titanium plate as cathode, RE solution containing europium chloride as cathode solution, hydrochloric acid or hydrochloric acid plus sodium chloride solution as anode solution, and ion exchange film to separate the anode chamber andthe cathode chamber. The electrolytic reduction process is performed under the said conditions to prepare bivalent europium. The present invention has the advantages of reasonable electrolytic system, high reduction current efficiency, etc.

The invention provides a riboflavin promoting low concentration CO2 electrochemical trapping method, and belongs to the technical field of CO2 electrochemical trapping. The method comprises the following steps that a cation-exchange membrane is placed in an electrolytic cell; a FMN solution and a potassium acid carbonate solution are added in acathode zone; a FMNH2 solution and a potassium acid carbonate solution are added in an anode zone; direct current is applied between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode; two electrons are obtained in the cathode electrode by the FMN; two protons are received in a KHCO3 solution to form the FMNH2 solution in the reduction state; generated CO32-enters the solution and is used for absorbing low concentration CO2; the FMNH2 releases electrons at the anode electrode and returns to a oxidized state FMN; and the protons leave the FMNH2 to react with KHCO3 in the solution to release high concentration CO2. Low concentration CO2 trapping is achieved; when electric current density is at 10mAcm-2, the average voltage for trapping the CO2 is 0.065V, energy consumption of trapping one ton of the CO2 is about 80KWh, while energy consumption of trapping one ton of the CO2 by an existing chemical absorption method of MES regeneration is 370-510 KWh, so that energy saving is more than 75%.

Catalyst mixtures include at least one Catalytically Active Element and, as a separate constituent, one Helper Catalyst. The catalysts can be used to increase the rate, modify the selectivity or lower the overpotential of chemical reactions. These catalysts are useful for a variety of chemical reactions including, in particular, the electrochemical conversion of CO₂. Chemical processes employing these catalysts produce CO, OH⁻, HCO⁻, H₂CO, (HCO₂)⁻, H₂CO₂, CH₃OH, CH₄, C₂H₄, CH₃CH₂OH, CH₃COO⁻, CH₃COOH, C₂H₆, O₂, H₂, (COOH)₂, or (COO⁻)₂. Devices using the catalysts include, for example, a CO₂ sensor.

The invention discloses a methanol gasoline multi-phase corrosion inhibitor which is prepared by mixing the following components: a methylnaphthalene biquinoline quaternary ammonium salt, a morpholine derivative, propargyl alcohol and a leveling agent. The invention further discloses methanol gasoline which is prepared from the methanol gasoline multi-phase corrosion inhibitor. The methanol gasoline is prepared from the following components: the methanol gasoline multi-phase corrosion inhibitor, methanol, gasoline, naphtha and butanol. The methanol gasoline multi-phase corrosion inhibitor disclosed by the invention is free of raw material 'which is harmful to vehicle reliability and aftertreatment systems', also free of suspected carcinogens such as nitrite and benzene, relatively good in corrosion inhibition function on metal surfaces, and excellent in electric-chemical corrosion inhibition function on gas-liquid-gas-liquid multi-phase systems; the raw materials can meet national standard requirements and are beneficial to security, environment-friendliness and healthy consumption; the corrosion of methanol gasoline to metals can be remarkably alleviated by using a small amount of the corrosion inhibitor (which accounts for 0.1-0.2% of the total weight of finished product oil).

An electrocatalytic device for carbon dioxide conversion includes a cathode with a Catalytically Active Elementa metal in the form of supported or unsupported particles or flakes with an average size between 0.6 nm and 100 nm. The reaction products comprise at least one of CO, HCO⁻, H₂CO, (HCOO)⁻, HCOOH, CH₃OH, CH₄, C₂H₄, CH₃CH₂OH, CH₃COO⁻, CH₃COOH, C₂H₆, (COOH)₂, (COO⁻)₂, and CF₃COOH.

The invention discloses a magnesium battery. With a magnesium alloy as a negative material, on the basis of the total weight of the magnesium alloy, the magnesium alloy contains the following components in percentage: 0.01%-0.3% of Er, 0.05%-0.5% of Sn, 0.01%-0.03% of Y, 0.01%-0.1% of Ce, 0.1%-0.5% of Nd and 0.02%-0.2% of In. Alloy elements of destroying the structure of a magnesium oxide film are added to a magnesium electrode, so that falling of a corrosion product can be effectively promoted; the self-corrosion speed is lowered; and the utilization rate of a magnesium negative electrode is greatly improved.

An inhibitor which can control the corrosion of the galvanic couple is made up of the aliphatic polyoxyethylene ether 1-70%; the propiolic alcohol 0.01-30%; the water 0-70%; diaminoethane 0-30%; the ethanol 0-70%. It has the good effect of controlling the corrosion of the galvanic couple.

An electrocatalytic device for carbon dioxide conversion includes an electrochemical stack comprising a series of cells with a cathode with a Catalytically Active Element metal in the form of supported or unsupported particles or flakes with an average size between 0.6 nm and 100 nm. The reaction products comprise at least one of CO, HCO⁻, H₂CO, (HCOO)⁻, HCOOH, CH₃OH, CH₄, C₂H₄, CH₃CH₂OH, CH₃COO⁻, CH₃COOH, C₂H₆, (COOH)₂, (COO⁻)₂, and CF₃COOH.

The present invention provides a photo-electrochemical (PEC) cell electrode having a surface portion and a bulk portion composed of the same material, wherein at least one of the bulk portion and the surface portion of the electrode is doped with at least one dopant, and wherein said doping is non-uniform along an axis perpendicular to the surface portion. The non-uniform doping can include different concentrations and/or types of the dopants in the bulk portion and in the surface portion of the electrode. There is further provided a PEC cell comprising said electrode and an electrolyte, wherein the surface portion of the electrode faces the electrolyte.

The invention relates to the field of copper alloys for the bathroom and kitchen industry and provides a preparing method for an anti-dezincification leadless bismuth arsenic extruded brass rod. The preparing method comprises the step of smelting 61-63% of Cu, 0.5-0.9% of Bi, 0.07-0.12% of As, 0.5-0.8% of Al, 0.08-0.24% of Sn, smaller than 0.1% of Pb, the balance Zn and smaller than or equal to 0.25% of impurities to obtain the solid brass rod by the processes of lead casting and extruding.

The invention provides additives for recycling copper, and relates to the technical field of material preparation. The additives comprise 10-50 ppm of a brightener, 10-30 ppm of a leveling agent and 5-20 ppm of a surface active agent. By adding the additives including the brightener, the leveling agent and the surface active agent in etching liquid, the overpotential is improved, polarization is increased, the electrode reaction speed is reduced, and a fine-grain and bright copper clad layer is finally obtained. Therefore, a copper layer with a bright and flat surface, high purity, a compact structure and ductility is obtained through recycling.

An electrocatalytic process for carbon dioxide conversion includes combining a Catalytically Active Element and a Helper Polymer in the presence of carbon dioxide, allowing a reaction to proceed to produce a reaction product, and applying electrical energy to said reaction to achieve electrochemical conversion of said carbon dioxide reactant to said reaction product. The Catalytically Active Element can be a metal in the form of supported or unsupported particles or flakes with an average size between 0.6 nm and 100 nm. The reaction products comprise at least one of CO, HCO⁻, H₂CO, (HCO₂)⁻, H₂CO₂, CH₃OH, CH₄, C₂H₄, CH₃CH₂OH, CH₃COO⁻, CH₃COOH, C₂H₆, (COOH)₂, (COO⁻)₂, and CF₃COOH.

The invention relates to the field of copper alloys for kitchenware industries, and provides a production method of an anti-dezincification and unleaded lead-cast brass ingot which is good in anti-dezincification corrosion property, high in strength, and good in machining property. The production method comprises the steps that the following raw materials of, by mass, 61-63% of Cu, 0.5-0.9% of Bi,0.07-0.12% of As, 0.5-0.8% of Al, 0.08-0.24% of Sn, less than 0.1% of Pb and the balance Zn and impurities with the total amount being less than or equal to 0.25% are smelted, and then subjected to lead casting, and the brass ingot is prepared.

The invention discloses an accumulator, specifically a lead accumulator. An electrode plate in the invention is implemented by taking lead as substrate, lead, stibium, arsenic, copper, sulphur alloys as plate materials with electrolyte replacing fluoro-sulphuric acid solution with silicate. Advantages of the invention lie in that the lead accumulator has long service life, great high-rate charging and discharging performance, rapid charge, great deep discharging performance, great low temperature resistance performance and environment protection features. Products of the invention can be widely applicable for various bicycle dynamos, automobiles and so on.