The invention discloses a rapid cable winding device in the technical field of electric power engineering. The rapid cable winding device comprises a base and a winding wheel, wherein a first supporting plate and a second supporting plate are fixed to the two sides of the top of the base respectively, a supporting member penetrates through the interior of the first supporting plate, a positioningframe is arranged on the inner side of the second supporting plate, and a winding motor is arranged on the outer side wall of the second supporting plate. A fixed through hole and a long groove are formed in the outer wall of the winding wheel, the interior of the long groove is in sliding connection with a connecting block, a fixed clamping plate is fixed to the side, close to the fixed through hole, of the inner wall of the winding wheel, and a movable clamping plate fixedly connected with the connecting block is arranged on the other side of the fixed through hole; and a fixing block is fixed to the end, far away from the movable clamping plate, of the inner wall of the winding wheel, and compression springs are uniformly connected between the fixing block and the connecting block. According to the rapid cable winding device, the winding wheel is installed between the supporting member and the positioning frame, assembly and disassembly are rapid to achieve, the fixing efficiency ofone end of a cable is high, the early-stage preparation work of cable winding is greatly saved, and therefore the working efficiency of the cable winding is improved.