The invention discloses a large building deformation monitoring device and a monitoring method through the large building deformation monitoring device. A laser transmitter of the large building deformation monitoring device is composed of a laser controller, a laser power supply and a laser collimator, wherein the laser controller is connected with the laser power supply, and the laser power supply is connected with the laser collimator. A laser receiver is composed of a semi-permeable laser target, a light shield, an image sensor, and an attitude sensor, wherein the semi-permeable laser target is connected with the light shield, the light shield is connected with the image sensor, and the image sensor, the attitude sensor and a wireless transmitter are respectively connected with a microprocessor, and therefore the large building deformation monitoring device is formed. The method monitoring method through the large building deformation monitoring device includes that the laser transmitter is mounted at a reference position which is close to an object to be tested and is relatively fixed; the laser receiver is mounted at a point to be tested on a deformation surface; and the linear displacement, perpendicular to the deformation surface, of the laser receiver is the deformation value of the point. According to the large building deformation monitoring device, laser is utilized for testing deformation, and therefore the large building deformation monitoring device is convenient to install and test, high in accuracy, and suitable for long-time on-line monitoring of the deformation of large buildings.