The invention discloses an underground coal mine sleeve chambering and screen pipe lowering device and a construction method. The sleeve chambering and screen pipe lowering device comprises a sleeve, an open-closed chambering drill bit, a screen pipe and a suspending device, the sleeve is thin in wall and large in through hole diameter, an open-closed structure is arranged at the front end of the open-closed chambering drill bit, a chambering component is arranged at the outer edge of the middle of the open-closed chambering drill bit, the rear end of the open-closed chambering drill bit comprises a connecting structure, the screen pipe and the suspending device can pass the inside of the open-closed chambering drill bit, the front end of the screen pipe is connected with the suspending device, and the open-closed structure and the chambering component are provided with cutting elements to respectively realize front end drilling and chambering. The construction method includes: pilot hole construction, rotary chambering drilling and hole protecting. Therefore, chambering and screen pipe lowering processes are combined, and lowering of a large-diameter screen pipe into a long hole section for hole protection is realized, so that technical process is simplified, construction time is saved, reliability is high, success rate is high, utilization rate of a drilled hole is increased greatly, and gas extraction effect is improved.