The invention discloses an optimization control system of a metallurgical gas boiler, and relates to the technical field of control of metallurgical gas boilers. The system comprises a steam pocket liquid level control loop, a main steam temperature control loop, a hearth pressure control loop, an air supply control loop, an air-fuel ratio optimization controller and a load control loop. According to the system, automatic control over the gas boiler is achieved, all technical indexes meet the running index of the gas boiler, and through air-fuel ratio optimization, gas can be sufficiently combusted, smoke exhaust looses caused by the too large air quantity are avoided, and therefore energy-saving and consumption-reduction aims of the boiler are achieved; the problems that the steam pocket water level, the hearth pressure and the gas pressure are unstable, a false liquid level exists, the air amount and the gas amount are hard to automatically control, and the main steam temperature is hard to precisely control are solved; and in-advance pre-adjustment and in-advance action are achieved, self-optimization of the air-fuel ratio is achieved, combustion is more stable, and the aims of saving energy and reducing emissions are achieved.