The invention provides a biomass gasification power generation system. The biomass gasification power generation system comprises a biomass gasification subsystem and a semi-closed supercritical carbon dioxide circulation subsystem, wherein the biomass gasification subsystem comprises a feeding device, a biomass gasifier, a fuel gas purification and cooling device, an oxygen source, a gasifier oxygen feeding compressor, a combustion chamber oxygen feeding compressor, a hydraulic turbine, a fuel gas compressor and the like; and the supercritical carbon dioxide circulation subsystem comprises afirst carbon dioxide pump, a middle cooler, a second carbon dioxide pump, a heat regenerator, a combustion chamber, a turbine, a power generator, a cooler, a water separator, a condenser, a carbon dioxide collection device and the like. The invention further provides a biomass gasification power generation method. The biomass gasification power generation system is high in efficiency, semi-closedsupercritical carbon dioxide is circulated under high-temperature and high-pressure parameters, so that the power generation efficiency is high; negative carbon dioxide emissions are achieved, so thatan additional carbon capturing device is avoided; and the system is simple, compact in structure and flexible to operate, so that a small or large chimney-free biomass gasification power plant can beestablished.