The invention discloses an insulator surface charge rapid dissipation device and method based on X-rays. The method comprises the following steps 1, pre-installing an X-ray source around an insulatorof a gas insulated transmission line; and 2, periodically irradiating the surface of the insulator by adopting X-rays according to operation experience so as to eliminate accumulated charges. According to the invention, the device is flexible in design, and can adjust the radiation quantity, radiance, radiation time and other parameters of X-rays according to the operation voltage of GIL, the sizeof the insulator, the gas type and the surface charge accumulation condition, so that the accumulated surface charge can be reduced as much as possible; the operation is simple, wherein during working, only an X-ray source pre-mounted at the periphery of the GIL needs to be turned on to irradiate the surface of the insulator with accumulated charges for a certain period of time, so that the accumulated surface charges can be reduced; and the cost is low, wherein the existing GIL structure can effectively shield the influence of X-rays on the surrounding environment, so that an additional radiation protection problem is not introduced.