The invention provides a multichannel microfluidic optical detection system in the technical field of fluorescence detection. The multichannel microfluidic optical detection system comprises a light source, a multichannel microfluidic module, a light source coupling control module, a liquid path control module, a light-electricity conversion module and a detection analysis module, wherein the light source is used for outputting optical signals, and one light source is available; the multichannel microfluidic module is provided with at least two microchannels; the light source coupling controlmodule is used for inputting the optical signals to each microchannel in a distribution manner; the liquid path control module is used for controlling the generation frequency and flow velocity of microdrops in each microchannel; the light-electricity conversion module is used for receiving the optical signals passing through the microchannels, generating electric signals, and amplifying the electric signals; and the detection analysis module is electrically connected with the light-electricity conversion module for analyzing the amplified electric signals, and thus a detection result is obtained. For the multichannel microfluidic optical detection system provided by the invention, the single light source is adopted for realizing the detection for multiple channels, and meanwhile, the increase of power of the light source due to the increase of the number of the channels is also avoided.