The invention discloses a device capable of improving axial rigidity of a main shaft of a precision machine tool with an adjustable bearing pre-tightening force. The device comprises a main shaft, a locking nut, a gasket, a box seat, an end cover, a clamp ring, a pre-pressing spring assembly and an improved bearing pre-tightening device, wherein the improved bearing pre-tightening device adopts an annular oil chamber structure formed by transformation of a single-sided thin-walled end surface. The main shaft penetrates through the end cover, the clamp ring, a B bearing, a shaft sleeve, an A bearing, the gasket and the locking nut from one end to the other end sequentially; and the pre-pressing spring assembly and the improved bearing pre-tightening device are mounted between the main shaft and the box seat.According to the device, on one hand, the pre-pressing spring assembly is added on one side of the A bearing to improve the axial rigidity produced when the main shaft moves toward the B direction rightward; and on the other hand, a conventional bearing pre-tightening device mounted between the A bearing and the B bearing is improved, so that on one hand, the improved bearing pre-tightening device can be taken as a support of a D annular oil chamber and an oil way for providing oil, and on the other hand, the improved bearing pre-tightening device can be taken as a support of the B bearing and can achieve radial positioning of the B bearing and axial positioning of the main shaft.