The aquatic product sample storage and transportation box comprises a heat preservation box body, a box cover, a lining box and a refrigerant box, a supporting plate is arranged in the lining box, a water storage chamber is formed by a gap between the supporting plate and the lining box, an inner surrounding plate is arranged on the lining box, a lower channel is formed by a gap between the inner surrounding plate and the lining box, and the lower channel is communicated with the water storage chamber. A sample groove is formed in the inner surrounding plate, a water leakage hole is formed in the groove bottom of the sample groove, and a circulation hole is formed in the groove wall of the sample groove; the refrigerant box comprises an outer frame and a guide cylinder, the outer frame is placed on the lining box, a heat conducting plate is arranged in the outer frame, an annular L-shaped groove is formed below the heat conducting plate, the L-shaped groove, the outer frame and the heat conducting plate define a water collecting cavity, a heat exchange chamber is formed by a through hole in the heat conducting plate, the vertical face of the L-shaped groove and the heat conducting plate, and the guide cylinder is fixed to the bottom of the L-shaped groove. A gap between the guide cylinder and the outer frame forms an upper channel, and the guide cylinder is provided with an inlet. The device is simple in structure, samples can be independently placed and are convenient to take and place, the internal temperature is uniform, and the refrigeration effect is good.