The invention discloses a multi-beam long-rail interferometer for detecting a grazing tubular off-axis aspheric mirror, belonging to detection equipment in the technical field of optical detection. The technical problem to be solved is to provide the multi-beam long-rail interferometer for detecting the grazing tubular off-axis aspheric mirror, and the technical scheme comprises a laser light source, a polarizer, a multi-beam splitter, an aperture, a polarization beam splitter, 1/ 4 wave plates, pentagonal prisms, a tubular aspheric mirror to be detected, Fourier transform lenses, CCD camera and the like. The polarizer, a right angle prism, the multi-beam splitter, the aperture, a half-wave plate, the polarizing beam splitter, a second 1/4 wave plate and a reference plane mirror are arranged on the optical axis of the laser light source successively; the prismatic face of the polarization beam splitter takes 45 degrees with the optical axis, and the right side thereof is provided with the Fourier transform lens and the CCD camera successively; the left light path is provided with a first 1/4 wave plate, a first pentagonal prism and a second pentagonal prism, and the exit face of the second pentagonal prism is opposite to the inner surface of the tubular off-axis aspheric mirror to be detected; and the tubular off-axis aspheric mirror to be detected is placed on a rotation platform.