The invention provides a detachable axial-butting and quick-locking mechanism, which comprises a connecting shaft (1) and a connecting base (3), wherein one end of the connecting shaft (1) is provided with a positioning pin (2), the connecting base (3) is matched with connecting shaft to connect parts together, the column surface of the connecting base is provided with a lock latch (6) which is vertical to the central axis, penetrates into an upper locking base (4) and is radially communicated with the barrel hole of the connecting base (3), and a lock latch which is used for coaxially locking the connecting shaft, a truncated cone rotating body (12) is machined on the lower end of the lock latch, a connecting shaft penetration contact unlocking surface is machined on the truncated cone rotating body (12) so as to lock and unlock the axial inner-concave ladder-shaped section cutting surface of the truncated cone rotating body (12), and the lock latch always downwards acts on the connecting penetration locking contact surface (10) through a locking spring (5) connected on the step of the upper end of the truncated cone rotating body. According to the invention, quick locking and disassembly between two parts can be realized, the structure is compact and convenient, no calibration and adjustment are needed, and the maintainability, the reliability and the suitably-assembled property are good.