The invention relates to a vision detection system. The vision detection system comprises a rack, a digital camera, a light source, a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), an industrial personal computer, a steering device and a lens, as well as a support, a stepping motor, an ejecting device and an optical fiber sensor, wherein the steering device comprises a device body and a prism, and the light source and the lens are arranged on the support. The light source is a bilateral telecentric light source, and the lens is a bilateral telecentric lens. The ejecting device is arranged on a guide rail and controlled by the stepping motor, and the optical fiber sensor is arranged above the guiderail and controlled by the PLC. In addition, the invention further discloses a detection method of the vision detection system. Compared with the prior art, the vision detection system has high detection efficiency, is accurate, does not need manual intervention, effectively solves the positioning problem of products to be detected through the arrangement of the ejecting device, leads the camera to be horizontally arranged by the arrangement of the steering device, thus greatly saving the space of the device and enabling the design to be more compact.