The invention discloses a precision fine adjustment device, and particularly relates to a differential screw fine adjustment device. The device consists of a pedestal, a guide rod, a guide plate, a screw rod, a bolt and an adjusting screw sleeve, wherein a threaded through-hole and a light through-hole are formed on the pedestal and penetrate the pedestal in the up-down direction, the adjusting screw sleeve has a sheath structure, an external thread is formed on the outer cylindrical surface of the adjusting screw sleeve, an internal thread is formed on the inner cylindrical surface of the adjusting screw sleeve, the external thread is in threaded connection with the threaded through-hole to form a pair of screw pairs, the internal thread on the adjusting screw sleeve is in threaded connection with the screw rod, the internal thread and the external thread of the adjusting screw sleeve have the same rotation direction but have different pitches, and the screw difference of the two screw pairs is the fine adjustment distance resulting from one rotation of the adjusting screw sleeve. The differential screw fine adjustment device has simple structure and reasonable design, is easy to operate, can achieve the effect of precision fine-adjustment because of the small real linear displacement caused by differential motion, provides convenience for differential fine adjustment, ensures reliable position fixation and high precision, and has a wide application range.