The invention relates to a high-temperature-resistant inorganic composite adhesive and a preparation method thereof and belongs to the technical field of adhesive materials. The high-temperature-resistant inorganic composite adhesive is prepared from, by weight, 10-20 parts of aluminum hydroxide, 3-8 parts of zirconium sol, 0.2-0.5 part of rare earth oxide, 15-20 parts of palygorskite powder, 15-30 parts of silicate, 5-10 parts of an active filling agent, 3-10 parts of hollow microspheres and 30-55 parts of water. The adhesive is simple in formula and scientific in design, has the advantages of being excellent in corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, abrasion resistance, short in curing time and the like, and is safe, saves energy and is environmentally friendly and wide in application range. Meanwhile, the invention provides the simple and practical preparation method of the high-temperature-resistant inorganic composite adhesive.