The invention provides a sewage treatment system of an underflow type constructed wetland based on disadvantages of the prior art. The sewage treatment system adopts coke powder-steel slag as compound filler, and has the advantages of simple structure, convenient management, no easy blockage and good denitrification and dephosphorization effect, thereby enhancing the treatment effect of sewage of the constructed wetland and improving the quality of the secondary effluent of the urban sewage treatment plant. The system mainly comprises a water inlet pipe, a water distribution area, an underflow type constructed wetland tank body, a coke powder-steel slag compound filler bed, a catchment area, a water outlet pipe and the like, wherein the coke powder-steel slag compound filler bed arranged in the sewage treatment system of the underflow type constructed wetland is provided with a sand soil covering layer, coke powder, steel slag and gravels in sequence from top to bottom, aquatic plants which have high capability of sewage purification and are suitable for local environmental conditions are grown on the sand soil covering layer, and the bottom of the filler bed adopts an impermeable layer made of natural clay as a waterproof structure.