The invention relates to the field of mariculture wastewater treatment and discloses a mariculture wastewater treatment system which comprises a water inlet area, a pollution reduction area and a water outlet area. Iron-carbon filler is added into the whole treatment system; the filler not only can be used as a micro electrode to improve the current density and conductivity, but also can be used as a carrier for attachment of microorganisms; meanwhile, iron in the iron-carbon filler accelerates reduction in the wastewater; Fe < 2 + > and Fe < 3 + > generated by the reaction react with complexation in the wastewater to form precipitates, so that dephosphorization is realized. That is, the physical, chemical and biological combined method is adopted, so that the wastewater treatment effect is improved; meanwhile, the hydrogen ions are generated on the surface of the cathode of the electrolysis device, a part of natural alkalinity in the mariculture wastewater can be neutralized, the alkalinity can be controlled within a proper range, and the operation cost is saved; in addition, the cathode of the electrolysis device reacts to generate HClO which has a certain effect of killing pathogenic bacteria, and the HClO oxidizes the nitrides in the wastewater to generate nitrogen, so that denitrification is realized.