The invention discloses a recoverable anchor rod provided with external friction nails. The recoverable anchor rod comprises a recoverable anchor rod body, a drill bit, an expansion disk, an anchor head, a pneumatic pipe, an anchor rod support, a nut, a spiral rib, external friction nail outlets, the external friction nails, protecting holes, a signal transmitter, axial force meters, signal transmission lines, springs, limiting devices, an upper washer, a lower washer and a fusing layer. The recoverable anchor rod has the beneficial effects as follows: the external friction nails can bulge outof the external friction nail outlets under pneumatic impact and can be embedded in the surrounding rock and soil body by the aid of high-pressure gas, and the relatively good anchoring effect is realized; one axial force meter is fixed on one side of each external friction nail and is connected to the signal transmitter through one signal transmission line, so that axial force signals can be transmitted conveniently, the signal transmitter can input high pressure to the fusing layer through the signal transmission lines to prompt the fusing layer to be broken, the external friction nails andthe recoverable anchor rod body are separated, and the recoverable anchor rod body can be pulled out conveniently in the later period.