The invention discloses a device and a method for testing combustion characteristics of a material in a low-pressure oxygen-enriched environment. The device comprises a low-pressure cabin body, an ignition device, a weighing device, an oxygenation system, an exhaust system, a closed-loop pressure control system and an online flue gas detection and analysis system, wherein the closed-loop pressure control system annularly sleeves the bottom of the low-pressure cabin body, the closed-loop pressure control system is connected with the oxygenation system, the low-pressure cabin body is respectively connected with the closed-loop pressure control system and the exhaust system, the weighing device is arranged in the low-pressure cabin body, an area above the weighing device is a reaction area, the ignition device extends into the internal reaction area from the outside of the low-pressure cabin body through an ignition rod, and the online flue gas detection and analysis system is connected with the low-pressure cabin body. By means of the device, the combustion characteristics of the material in the low-pressure oxygen-enriched environment can be efficiently and accurately experimented and analyzed, and pressure at different altitudes can be simulated.