The invention discloses a system and a method for treating water recycled from straw pulp papermaking wastewater. The system is formed by sequentially or respectively connecting a regulating tank, a primary efficient coagulative precipitation tank, a secondary efficient coagulative precipitation tank, a middle water tank, an ultrafiltration membrane treatment device, a reverse osmosis membrane treatment device, an ozone contact oxidation tower, an active carbon adsorption tower, an acid regulating tank, a higher oxidization reaction tank, a neutralizing precipitation tank and a water-producing tank. The system organically combines the coagulative precipitation treatment, the higher oxidization treatment, the ozone catalysis oxidation treatment and the treatment of an ultrafiltration membrane and a nanofiltration membrane, treats the water recycled from the straw pulp papermaking wastewater by using a physical and chemical treatment technology and a shunting treatment and combined effluent treatment process and mode, can ensure that the large scale recycled water of the straw pulp papermaking industry reaches the requirement of reuse water after treated and does not affect a papermaking process and a paper product on the premise of ensuring the low operating cost, and the treated reverse osmosis concentrated water reaches the emission standard of the industry.