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The invention discloses an ocean non-diagenetic gas hydrate reservoir mining system. The ocean non-diagenetic gas hydrate reservoir mining system comprises a drilling and production platform, a mine channel and a main production channel, wherein the two sides of the main production channel are provided with excavation roadways which communicate with the main production channel; the main production channel is used for mining through mining equipment; the excavation roadways are mined through the mining equipment, and are backfilled with backfilling equipment. The invention further discloses a mining process for the ocean non-diagenetic gas hydrate reservoir mining system. The process comprises the following steps: building the mine channel, and building the main production channel; mounting the mining equipment and the backfilling equipment; mining hydrate ore bodies through separate roadways, performing secondary smashing and decomposing, and conveying separated natural gas to the drilling and production platform; mixing residual slurry with carbon dioxide, preparing a solid carbon dioxide hydrate, and backfilling to emptied roadways; repeating the previous steps circularly until mining of all producing layers is finished. The ocean non-diagenetic gas hydrate reservoir mining system and the mining process have the beneficial effects of keeping a seabed geologic structure stable, and avoiding possible risks such as seabed sedimentation, collapse and landslide caused by the conventional mining method.