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This invention provides a method for monitoring, locating, and warning of thermal runaway in battery modules, belonging to the field of battery module thermal runaway monitoring technology. This invention involves setting up multiple acoustic sensor arrays within the battery module's energy storage compartment to collect acoustic signals in real time, constructing a target acoustic event feature library including safety valve opening and battery exhaust characteristics, employing a sparse expert hybrid acoustic recognition model to intelligently identify and classify the acoustic signals, and establishing an acoustic region division mechanism based on the exhaust sound attenuation propagation equation. When a safety valve opening event is detected, the thermal runaway module is quickly located by comparing the peak values ​​of the cross-channel sound pressure level. The method continuously monitors the acoustic characteristics of battery exhaust and calculates the sound pressure level attenuation gradient, matching it with the regional acoustic feature library to achieve precise region location. Simultaneously, it predicts the diffusion path based on the thermal runaway propagation dynamics equation and dynamically adjusts the recognition model parameters, solving the technical problem of accurately locating the thermal runaway source.