The invention provides a system for calcining treatment and resource utilization of sugar-making filter mud. The system comprises a pulverized coal preparation system, a feeding system, a calcining system, a waste heat recovery system, a flue gas environment-friendly up-to-standard emission treatment system and a quick lime recovery system, Raw material coal is prepared into pulverized coal as auxiliary fuel, crude sugar filter mud is crushed, the pulverized coal and the crude sugar filter mud are simultaneously added into a calcining furnace, ash generated after calcining is discharged and cooled to serve as a quick lime material; flue gas generated after calcination enters a waste heat boiler to be subjected to heat recycling, saturated steam is generated, the flue gas obtained after heat exchange enters a denitration device to be subjected to denitration treatment, the flue gas obtained after denitration exchanges heat with air and then is subjected to dust removal, and clean flue gas is obtained; and air heated by the flue gas is introduced into the calcining furnace as combustion-supporting air, so that the temperature of the combustion-supporting air entering the calcining furnace is integrally increased. Reduction and harmless treatment of the sugar-making filter mud are achieved, meanwhile, quick lime generated in the high-temperature calcination process, namely the high-temperature decomposition reaction process, is recycled to achieve the purpose of resource utilization, high-temperature flue gas waste heat generated in calcination is recycled to generate saturated steam, and the purpose of energy conservation in the environment-friendly treatment process is achieved.