An underwater wireless charging system suitable for an electric ship comprises a receiving cylinder and a transmitting cylinder, the transmitting cylinder is connected with an ashore power supply, the transmitting cylinder comprises a shaft body, a first steel frame, first magnetic cores and a transmitting coil, the transmitting coil is wound on the shaft body, the first magnetic cores are arranged at the positions, located at the two ends of the transmitting coil, of the cylinder body, and the transmitting coil is wound on the first steel frame. The first steel frame is fixed outside the barrel body and used for fixing the barrel body, the receiving barrel comprises a barrel body, a second steel frame, second magnetic cores and receiving coils, the receiving barrel is fixed on a ship body through the second steel frame, the second coils are of tubular structures and are arranged in the barrel body, the second magnetic cores are arranged in the barrel body and located at the two ends of the second magnetic cores, and the receiving coils are arranged in the barrel body. When the transmitting cylinder is inserted into the receiving cylinder, wireless charging is achieved, at the moment, the transmitting coil and the receiving coil are of a coaxial spiral tube structure, and the first magnetic core corresponds to the second magnetic core in position. According to the invention, automatic charging operation can be realized, and the charging efficiency and the safety are greatly improved.