The invention discloses a domestic sewage treatment system comprising an anaerobic treatment system, an aerobic treatment system, a precipitation system, a disinfection system, a sludge storage systemand a power distribution room; the anaerobic treatment system is additionally provided with a filler baffle plate and a rotary filler box, so that the contact time and area of domestic sewage and filler are increased, and the starting time is shortened; an underflow stirrer is additionally arranged, so that the problems of short flow, dead corner and the like are reduced; the volumes of compartments of a reactor are different, and the degradation efficiency is improved by utilizing the difference of microbial communities; according to the aerobic treatment system, a flow baffle is additionally arranged, the dissolved oxygen amount is increased in a mechanical mode, and the operation cost is saved; the different-wave baffle plate is utilized, so that the inflow retention time is prolonged,the surface of the baffle plate is rough, a film is easy to form on the baffle plate, and the treatment efficiency is improved; by adding a modified combined suspended filler, the film culturing efficiency of the filler is improved. The invention also discloses a method for treating domestic sewage by using the domestic sewage treatment system, biochemical treatment is carried out in the whole process, no chemical is added, and secondary pollution is reduced.