The invention discloses a carboxylation chitosan nano-fluorescence probe with aggregation-induced emission characteristic. A preparation method of the probe comprises the following main steps: labeling tetraphenylethylene fluorescence molecule (TPE) to a carboxylation chitosan chain (NCS) to obtain TPE-NCS with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristic; and using sodium polyphosphate by an ion-crosslinking method to prepare TPE-NCS nanoparticles. The prepared nano-fluorescence probe has good dispersity in an aqueous solution, and has aggregation-induced emission characteristic. In comparison with a traditional fluorescence probe, the nano-fluorescence probe has advantages of high sensitivity, good light stability, no fluorescence spectra shift, stable and uniform nanoparticle size, easy storage and the like. Due to inherent characteristics of carboxylation chitosan, the probe of the invention has good biocompatibility, long retention of body circulation and good dispersity within a wide pH range, and could be used in fields of long-period cell tracking, pathological monitoring, drug metabolism detection, etc.