The invention discloses an observation method and an observation system of a diesel SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) system input state. The observation method comprises the following steps that Step 1, a state space model is established according to a chemical reaction in an SCR system; Step 2, the state space model is combined with an EKF (Extended Kalman Filter) equation, wherein the EKF equation comprises a prediction equation, namely x(k) is equal to f[x(k-1),u(k)] plus w(k), and a renewal equation, namely z(k) is equal to h[x(k)] plus v(k), x(k) represents a state vector, u(k) represents an input vector, w(k) represents a gaussian process noise, z(k) represents an observation vector, h(x) represents an observation function, and v(k) represents a gaussian observation noise; and Step 3, the EKF algorithm mentioned above is encoded with software, and computational simulation is performed, thereby obtaining an input concentration estimated value. According to the observation method and the observation system, the method expanding Kalman filters to perform input state observation is designed, so that the validity of a designed observer is verified in simulation; in addition, the precision of the estimated concentration is ensured; the expected design purpose is achieved; and an ammonia gas sensor or an NOx sensor at an inlet can be replaced completely.