The invention discloses a comprehensive utilization system of a spent catalyst. The comprehensive utilization system of the spent catalyst is characterized by comprising a deoiling furnace, a rotary kiln, a four-stage countercurrent device, a stirring tank I, a plate-and-frame filter I, a precipitation tank I, a plate-and-frame filter II, a stirring tank II, a centrifuge I, ion exchange resin, anextraction device, a back extraction device, a precipitation tank II, a centrifuge II and a washing tank. The comprehensive utilization system of the spent catalyst is low in process cost, green and environment-friendly, and capable of effectively recycling useful components in the residual oil hydrotreating spent catalyst to obtain industrial steam, nickel-aluminum powder, ammonium metavanadate,high-purity molybdic acid, anhydrous sodium sulfate, distilled water and the like, wherein the high-purity molybdic acid can be obtained without repeated separation processes, and the purity of the high-purity molybdic acid can reach 99. 9%.