The invention discloses a fiber-optic ring reciprocity symmetry evaluating method and a compensation method. According to the invention, fiber-optic ring inner stress state distribution data of the representation reciprocity symmetry is acquired by using enhanced Brillouin back reflection detection technologies, a symmetry model within an operating temperature range is established through the distribution data, and the reciprocity symmetry of a fiber-optic ring to be detected is analyzed and evaluated; and meanwhile, the relation between an actual geometric symmetry position and an optical symmetry position is adjusted according to the acquired optimal reciprocity symmetry position, the error size and the error direction so as to compensate the error, thereby realizing high reciprocity symmetry of the fiber-optic ring, and effectively reducing the environmental nonreciprocal error caused by poor symmetry of the fiber-optic ring. The implementation method is simple, the comprehensive applicability is high, the measurement precision is high, the reliability and the repeatability are high, and the quality of the fiber-optic ring can be estimated through evaluating the reciprocity symmetry of the fiber-optic ring. Meanwhile, the symmetry error can be compensated, the nonreciprocal error is greatly reduced or eliminated, and the environmental adaptability of the fiber-optic ring is improved.