The invention discloses a method for treating black odorous anaerobic sludge by utilizing microorganisms. The method comprises the following steps: S1, crushing rice chaff and straws into powder, andcarrying out uniform mixing and stirring to obtain a raw material mixture; S2, soaking the raw material mixture with a water aqua of low-temperature domesticated microbes; and S3, subjecting the soaked raw material mixture and sludge to be purified to stirring and mixing, then adding a catalytic enzyme biological composting agent, carrying out full mixing, exposing the obtained mixture to air, andconducting standing to purify the sludge so as to obtain purified soil. According to the method, pollutants in an organic river (sludge) are rapidly decomposed by utilizing the microbe, and the contents of organic matters such as ammonia, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the sludge are rapidly reduced through decomposition, absorption and transfer, so the organic matters are volatilized in agaseous form, and soil components mainly containing inorganic matters are formed; and therefore, optimal treatment effect is achieved, no secondary pollution is generated, and the aims of treating both symptoms and root causes are achieved. Moreover, on-site direct catalytic decomposition is realized, so long-distance transportation is avoided, and the method has the advantages of safety, high efficiency, low cost, reduced investment, simplicity in operation and the like.