The invention discloses a method for planting peanuts and improving a soil fertility condition on sandy saline-alkali soil. The method comprises the steps of application of fertilizer which is suitable for the sandy saline-alkali soil, land parcel finishing, seed treatment, sowing, field management and timely harvesting. The fertilizer which is suitable for the sandy saline-alkali soil comprises attapulgite clay, coal ash, humic acid, plant straw, municipal domestic waste sludge, bentonite, polyacrylamide, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl starch and microbial powder with the weight ratioof (20-30):(20-30):(12-16):(18-22):(4-8):(2-4):(2-4):(1-3):(0.5-1.5):(0.5-1.5). According to the method for planting the peanuts and improving the soil fertility condition on the sandy saline-alkali soil, measures such as application of the fertilizer which is suitable for the sandy saline-alkali soil and peanut planting are adopted for improving the saline-alkali soil, the survival rate and yieldof the peanuts are high, the improvement effect on the whole saline-alkali soil is prominent, and the improvement process is environmentally friendly and free of pollution. Therefore, the method is an application technology which is worthy of large-scale popularization.