The invention relates to a surface emissivity online testing device and method. The device comprises a film with calibrated emissivity, a heating unit, a sensor module and a control processing unit, wherein the film is attached to a to-be-measured local surface of a to-be-measured target object during testing, the heating unit is used for increasing the surface temperature of the tested target object during testing, the sensor module is used for synchronously measuring infrared radiation of a surface of the film and a to-be-measured local surface of the measured target object, converting the infrared radiation into the temperature information and acquiring the temperature information of the sensor module, and the control processing unit is connected with the heating unit and the sensor module, and is used for supplying power and outputting data, and obtaining emissivity of the to-be-measured local surface on the measured target object according to the obtained temperature information.Compared with the prior art, the device has advantages of short measurement time, no need of slicing the sample, simple structure, low cost, easiness in field test, and is suitable for on-line rapid measurement of the surface emissivity of various materials.