212results about How to "Effective aggregation" patented technology

The invention discloses a pH-responsive polyethylene glycol-anticarcinogen conjugate, and a synthetic method and application thereof. After anticarcinogen molecules and polyethylene glycol are covalently linked through pH-sensitive phenylimide linkage, the conjugate is formed, wherein, anticarcinogen can be doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin, demethoxydaunorubicin or hydrochlorides of the above-mentioned anticarcinogens. The phenylimide linkage is stable under the condition of a normal physiological pH value but undergoes hydrolysis under the condition of a slightly acidic pH value, e.g., a solid tumor cell external pH value and a cell endosome and lysosome pH value; that is, the phenylimide linkage is sensitive to changes of pH values in a range of 7.4 to 4.5 or to below 4.5. The polyethylene glycol-anticarcinogen conjugate has amphiphilic nature and can form nanometer-scale micelle in a saline solution through self-assembly; the micelle can be used as a drug carrier to carry hydrophobic drugs and form a nanometer micelle preparation cladded with drugs, thereby realizing synergy therapy of a plurality of drugs.

Water-cooling arrangement includes stator cage and cooling water channel. Cooling water channel in stator cage is arranged in axial direction inside stator cage in not helical round about manner. The cooling water channel can be as single circuitous water channel, or a combination formed from multiple circuitous water channels. Each pair of water channel possesses a cooling water outlet and a cooling water inlet. The cooling water outlet and a cooling water inlet can be arranged at axial same side of stator cage, or arranged at different sides. Water outlets and water inlets of multiple water channels can be arranged in same direction or in reversal directions. Circuitous water channels are in reversal directions can reduce temperature gradient at different parts of the stator cage further.

Solar heating is an environment-friendly and effective means for reducing building energy consumption which is increased day by day and enabling a city and a village to enjoy the same heating comfort, but an existing heat collecting way is large in heat collecting area, low in heat transfer efficiency and low in building integration flexibility. The invention provides a novel solar building heating, heat collecting and transmitting system without mechanical work consumption. The solar building heating, heat collecting and transmitting system mainly consists of a composite paraboloid light condensation heat collector, a loop-circuit heat pipe and a user hot water system, wherein the loop-circuit heat pipe is formed by connecting multiple evaporators in parallel. According to the solar building heating, heat collecting and transmitting system provided by the invention, the composite paraboloid light condensation heat collector is adopted, and efficient collecting of solar energy is realized through pure light condensation; efficient collecting of heat is realized through the multiple evaporators of the loop-circuit heat pipe which are connected in parallel; solar heat driving without the mechanical work consumption is realized by utilizing capillary suction forces of capillary cores of the multiple evaporators of the loop-circuit heat pipe; efficient, long-distance and multi-angle transmission of high-load solar heat energy is realized by utilizing the circulation phase change of a working medium in a closed space, and thus efficient collection and transmission of low-temperature solar energy are realized.

The invention discloses a PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL carried hydrophobic medicine polymer vesica as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The polymer vesica is manufactured by the following steps of: (1) dissolving amphipathy triblock copolymer and hydrophobic medicine in organic solvent, evaporating to remove the organic solvent to prepare film, blowing and drying; and (2) adding double distilled water and the product in the step (1) in a container, hydrating, evenly mixing through oscillation, performing ultrasonic to form stable emulsion, collecting filtrate and freezing after filtering the film. The vesica has the main advantages of particle medicine carrying systems such as liposome and nanometer; the stability inside and outside the polymer vesica is remarkably superior to the liposome; the film layer is thicker and is beneficial to packaging hydrophobicity medicine; in the preparation process, emulsifier or surface active agent is not needed, thereby overcoming the defect that the a great amount of emulsifier or surface active agent is needed for traditionally preparing a medicine release system and avoiding toxic side effect to the organism caused by using reagent.

The invention relates to a process for comprehensively recycling copper and iron through ore phase restructuring of copper smelting molten slag. The process comprises the following steps of 1, molten slag ore phase restructuring, wherein when the copper smelting slag is in the molten state, a composite additive accounting for 8-20% of the mass of the copper slag is added, then gradual cooling treatment is conducted, and the composite additive is composed of 40-50% of quick lime, 10-15% of manganous oxide, 10-15% of pyrite, 5-15% of chalcopyrite and 10-20% of an iron oxide; 2, flotation, wherein after modified slag obtained in step 1 is subjected to crushing and ore grinding, floatation treatment is conducted; and 3, magnetic separation, wherein tailings obtained through flotation conducted in step 2 are subjected to wet type magnetic separation, so that iron ore concentrate and magnetic separation tailings are obtained. According to the process for comprehensively recycling the copper and the iron, starting from the high-temperature molten slag generate in the copper smelting process, smelting slag ore phase restructuring is conducted by fully utilizing heat of the molten slag; the iron and the copper are each made to form ore easy to separate, and grains of the ore are pushed to grow; and efficient iron recycling is achieved while the copper is recycled successfully.

The invention, belonging to the field of pharmaceutical chemicals, relates to a Thienopyridine alpha-amino benzylphosphonate, a preparation method and an application thereof. concretely, the invention relates to a compound of formula I, its medicinal salt, racemate, stereoisomer, or solvate, wherein each substituent is defined in the specification. The invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition of the compound. The compound of the invention can effectively resist platelet aggregation and / or protect vascular endothelial cells.

The invention relates to the technical field of transformer production, and discloses a spraying device for transformer production, including a spraying box, a material inlet is opened on the left side of the spraying box, and a drying box is fixedly connected to the right side of the spraying box. The lower end of the right side of the drying box is provided with a discharge port, and the lower end of the right side of the spraying box and the lower end of the left side of the drying box are provided with through holes. The spraying device used for the production of transformers can drive the left and right movement of the spray head through the set slide plate, driven by the electric turntable, and through the cooperation with the slide plate, it can evenly spray the shell of the transformer, ensuring the spraying efficiency. Through the air outlet pipe, under the action of the fan, the wind can be blown into the upper end of the drying box, the heating plate can be used to heat the wind, and the air can be blown on the shell through the air outlet, and the air can be blown through the air collecting hood. The hot air is effectively gathered to ensure the uniform drying of the shell and the drying efficiency.

The invention relates to a polymer vesicle of a double-loading anthracycline ring medicine and a photosensitizer, having a bubble generation function, as well as preparation. A pH / temperature double-sensitive multifunctional polymer vesicle of hydrophilic inner cavity loaded anthracycline ring medicine and a hydrophobic film loaded photosensitizer, having the bubble generation function, is prepared by taking an amphiphilic triblock copolymer PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL as a material. The anthracycline ring medicine is wrapped with and loaded in the hydrophilic inner cavity by an ammonium hydrogen carbonate gradient active medicine loading method, ammonium hydrogen carbonate can be decomposed under the condition of low pH value or heating to generate carbon dioxide bubbles, the structure of the vesicleis broken and the wrapped medicines are released rapidly. After the medicines are delivered to the local part of tumor through EPR (enhanced permeability and retention) targeting, the therapeutic effect of the anthracene ring chemotherapeutic medicines on the tumor can be obviously improved under illumination. The polymer vesicle can serve as a medicine carrier to wrap and load hydrophilic and hydrophobic medicines simultaneously, has a stable structure, has high biocompatibility and degradability, and has a wide application prospect on the aspects of medicine delivery and controllable release and chemotherapeutic combined photothermal therapy on the tumor.

The invention relates to a window and hole combined flow guide regular filler sheet and a filler. The crest and trough of a corrugated filler sheet are provided with a hole and a window which are communicated to form a window and hole combined structure; an inclination angle is formed between the ripple direction of the corrugated filler sheet and the vertical direction; a regular filler consists of the window and hole combined flow guide regular filler sheets which are parallel to one another and of which the ripple directions are arranged in a staggered mode; and when the tower diameter is larger, a plurality of regular fillers are arranged, and corrugated sheets of the fillers on an upper tray and a lower tray rotate by 15 to 90 degrees. Under the action of fluid velocity and gravity, flowing liquid can be more effectively aggregated due to a hole structure; and a window structure connected with the hole structure is just positioned below the hole structure, so that the liquid flowing down is guided to the crest position on the other side of the filler sheet, the turbulent degree of a gas-liquid phase liquid film between adjacent window bodies is increased, pressure drop is reduced, gas-liquid flux is increased, and the updating of the liquid film and the increase of gas-liquid mass transfer area are more effectively realized.

The invention discloses thick-wall large-diameter X80M pipeline clean steel and a smelting method thereof, and relates to the technical field of metallurgy. The thick-wall large-diameter X80M pipelineclean steel comprises the followingchemical components of, by mass, 0.04-0.06% of C, 0.10-0.30% of Si, 1.70-1.80% of Mn, no more than 0.013% of P, 0.0010% of S, 0.060-0.070% of Nb, 0.006-0.020% of Ti, 0.20-0.30% of Ni, 0.10-0.20% of Cr, 0.10-0.30% of Cu, 0.10-0.20% of Mo, 0.015-0.050% of Al, 0.0005-0.0040% of Ca and the balance Fe and impurities. By changing the inclusion morphology and promotingachieving of the upward-floating mechanism of inclusions in the static mixing and standing processes, a production technique capable of effectively improving the smelting efficiency of the large-wall-thickness pipeline clean steel is provided, and the qualification rate of the 1.5-grade inclusions is stably increased to 99% or above.

The invention relates to mosquito trapping liquid, in particular to a bait for trapping mosquitos, belonging to a pest attractant containing organic compounds. The mosquito trapping liquid for trapping aedes albopictus comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 1% of lactic acid, 1% of acetone, 1% of linalool, 1% of octanal, 1% of skatole, 1% of indole, 1% of nonanal, 1% of nonylacetate, 1% of heptylacetate and 1% of octylacetate; the components are mixed and then diluted into 100% of mixed liquid with 90% of distilled water. The mosquito trapping liquid has the characteristics of good safety, strong trapping ability and the like and has no drug resistance and no environmental pollution. If working together with a combined type trap monitoring device, the mosquito trapping liquid can effectively gather mosquitos in a trapper for centralized treatment or killing. The mosquito trapping liquid has wide application prospect.

The invention provides an electric dust collector capable of effectively gathering nano super fine particles like diesel emitted particles (DEP) without adding special devices. In an electric dust collector, a charging unit and a dust collecting unit are set into front stage and back stage, respectively. The dust collecting unit is composed by a parallel plate type high voltage electrode and a parallel plate type high ground electrode which face each other and are set in parallel to separate the space where processing air flows; a plurality of through holes are formed on the whole area of at least one of the two electrode in the decentralized way.

The invention relates to a ROS-sensitive nano-reagent capable of synergistically inducing photodynamic therapy and ferroptosis and a preparation method therefor and belongs to the technical field of biomedicines. The nano-reagent is constructed from a photosensitizer-modified ROS-sensitive amphiphilic block polymer and comprises an amphiphilic biodegradable polymer and a ROS-sensitive perceptual monomer capable of inducing the ferroptosis, of which a tail end is connected with a photosensitizer group and a lateral chain is modified; and the amphiphilic polymer can self-assemble to form the ROS-sensitive nano-reagent capable of synergistically inducing the photodynamic therapy and the ferroptosis, a hydrophobic part self-assembles to form a hydrophobic core, and a hydrophilic part becomes ahydrophilic shell. Finally, the photosensitizer-modified ROS-sensitive amphiphilic block polymer is driven to self-assemble to form the ROS-sensitive nano-reagent capable of synergistically inducingthe photodynamic therapy and the ferroptosis by using a film dispersion method, and the effect of inhibiting tumor growth by a synergistic action of photodynamic and ferroptosis treatment in the presence of a tumorous microenvironment is achieved.

The invention discloses a fuse of a quickly replaced type, and the fuse comprises a pedestal. The upper surface of the pedestal is provided with a fixed end case and a movable end case, and a fuse assembly is in plug connection between the fixed end case and the movable end case. The pedestal is provided with a transmission self-locking mechanism matched with the movable end case. The fuse assembly comprises a fuse housing, a fuse body, stopping blocks, a fuse elastic part, and sealing covers. The inner cavity of the fuse housing is provided with the fuse body, and two ends of the fuse body are respectively provided with the stopping blocks. The fuse body comprises a fuse and a fuse block, wherein the fuse and fuse block are separated from each other. Two ends of the fuse housing are in clamping connection with the sealing covers, and the fuse elastic part is disposed between the stopping block and the fuse cover. According to the invention, the fuse body is designed to the fuse and the fuse block which are separated from each other, thereby effectively improving the fusing speed. Meanwhile, the fuse assembly can enable the fuse body to be gathered effectively when the fuse body is fused, thereby preventing dripping spattering. Meanwhile, the transmission self-locking mechanism can achieve the one-step installation of the fuse assembly, enables the fuse assembly to be locked, and saves time and labor.

The embodiment of the invention provides an infrared single photon detection apparatus comprising a nonlinear photonic crystal waveguide, a filter, and a visible light single photon counting module, wherein the nonlinear photonic crystal waveguide and the filter are integrated into a single chip; the nonlinear photonic crystal waveguide is used to up-convert an infrared single photon signal into a visible light single photon signal. The filter is used for filtering the noise in the visible light single photon signal. The visible single photon counting module is used for detecting the visible light single photons of the filtered visible light single photon signal. The low practicability in the prior art can be solved by carrying out infrared single photon detection by means of the infrared single photon detection apparatus having a smaller volume.

The invention discloses a photographic optical lens set, an image capturing apparatus and an electronic apparatus. The photographic optical lens set sequentially comprises a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens and a fifth lens from the object side to the image side, wherein the first lens has negative refraction power, the image side surface of the first lens is a recessed surface, the second lens has negative refraction power, the image side surface of the second lens is a recessed surface, the third lens has positive refraction power, the fourth lens has positive refraction power, the image side surface of the fourth lens is a convex surface, the object side surface and the image side surface of the fourth lens are aspheric, and the fifth lens has negative refraction power, the object side surface of the fifth lens is a recessed surface, the image side surface of the fifth lens is a convex surface, the object side surface and the image side surface of the fifth lens are aspheric. When specific conditions are met, the photographic optical lens set has sufficient refraction power to shorten the back focal distance. The invention further discloses an image capturing apparatus employing the photographic optical lens set and an electronic apparatus employing the image capturing apparatus.

The invention discloses a radon gas discharging system capable of being mounted on an underground parking garage. A porous pipe is horizontally paved in a concrete layer of a foundation, and small gravels are paved around the porous pipe; an air induction manifold is communicated with an air injection main pipe; the air injection main pipe is communicated with an air injection branch pipe; an air extraction manifold is communicated with an air extraction main pipe; the air extraction main pipe is communicated with an air extraction branch pipe; both ends of the porous pipe are respectively communicated with the air injection branch pipe and the air extraction branch pipe; an air blower is mounted on the air extraction manifold; air passes through the air induction manifold and enters the air injection main pipe; air in the air injection main pipe is distributed in the air injection branch pipe; the porous pipe collects radon gas separated from slurry; after the air injection branch pipe is communicated with the porous pipe, the radon gas collected inside the air injection branch pipe and the porous pipe is taken away by air flow; the air flows into the air extraction branch pipe, and gathers in the air extraction main pipe; and the air is extracted from the air extraction main pipe and the air extraction manifold through the air blower.

The invention discloses a wafer-level chip packaging structure. The wafer-level chip packaging structure comprises an image sensing chip and a transparent cover plate, wherein metal conductive pattern layers electrically connected with pin bonding pads are arranged on the surface, with the back towards the image sensing chip, of a passivation layer and blind holes respectively. Each supporting cofferdam is composed of a first supporting cofferdam layer and a second supporting cofferdam layer which are placed in a vertically stacked mode, a plurality of continuously arranged V-shaped notched are formed in the inner side face of each second supporting cofferdam layer, arc-shaped notches are formed in the four corners of each second supporting cofferdam layer respectively, a plurality of holes are evenly formed in the surface, in contact with the image sensing chip, of each supporting cofferdam, each metal conductive pattern layer is formed by placing a titanium layer, a copper layer, a nickel layer and a palladium layer in a stacked mode in sequence, and the titanium layers are in contact with the passivation layer. According to the wafer-level chip packaging structure, stress is relieved, the structure is not prone to oxidation corrosion, the response time of a device is shortened, the reliability of a product is improved, and the requirement for continuously covering the inner wall of a deep hole with a high aspect ration with a metal layer can be met.

The invention discloses an anti-blocking type river treatment and sewage blocking device. The device mainly comprises two treatment boxes and two intercepting devices symmetrically arranged between the two treatment boxes; each intercepting device comprises two transmission rollers and an annular transmission network, and each intercepting device is connected with the corresponding position of theside entering water of the treatment boxes through a self-adjusting sliding rail; the upper ends of the two transmission rollers are transversely provided with a water wheel respectively, the upper ends of the two water wheels are provided with a carrier plate, and the side wall of the side entering water of the carrier plate is provided with an intercepting screen plate; and the side wall of theside entering water of each treatment box is provided with an opening, the other three side walls of each treatment box are all in a net structure, and each treatment box is connected with the innerwall of the river channel through the side wall close to one side of the river channel. According to the device, solid waste can be effectively gathered in the treatment boxes, the situation that theannular transmission net is blocked and the like is effectively prevented, and the interception efficiency of the device is kept in a high state all the time.

The invention discloses a protein-photosensitizer co-transmission pH responsive polyamino acid nanogel and a preparation method thereof and belongs to the technical field of biological medicines. Forthe prepared pH responsive polyamino acid nanogel, by taking methoxy polyethylene glycol with an amido group on a single end as a macroinitiator to initiate ring opening polymerization of gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate-N-carboxanhydride or gamma-benzyl-L-aspartate-N-carboxanhydride with one step to prepare a polyamino acid main skeleton, then the tail end of the main skeleton is used for grafting a photosensitizer, and a side chain is modified with cationic molecules to add the protein supporting ability and the lysosome escape ability; and finally, a pH responsive polyamino acid nanogel system is constructed with a core crosslinking reaction, so that the purposes of in-vivo safety transfer, targeted delivery, rapid cellular uptake, in-vivo protein release and photosensitizer activation are realized, and promotion of development of combined therapy of the proteins and photodynamic therapy in the medical field can be facilitated.

The invention discloses a road and bridge construction surface spraying device. The road and bridge construction surface spraying device comprises a storage box for loading paint, a remote control vehicle for loading the storage box, a discharge cavity and a control device, wherein the control device is connected with the remote control vehicle in a bolted mode; the storage box is located above the remote control car, and the remote control vehicle is provided with a groove; the storage box is placed in the groove, and the storage box is fixedly connected with the groove; the storage box is detachably connected with the remote control vehicle through the groove, a material pumping pump is arranged on the right side of the storage box, and feed delivery pipes are connected to a feeding portand a discharging port of the material pumping pump; the feeding port and the discharging port of the material pumping pump are all connected with the corresponding feed delivery pipes on the feedingport and the discharging port in a bolted mode, the feed delivery pipes communicate with the discharge cavity, the feed delivery pipes are connected to the discharge cavity in a bolted mode, and thedischarge cavity is connected with a spraying pipe; and the spraying pipe is connected with the discharge cavity in a bolted mode, and the spraying pipe is provided with a spraying pump. The road andbridge construction surface spraying device can effectively spray uniformly.

The invention discloses application of aspirin in preparation of a platelet targeted drug delivery system. According to the invention, aspirin is utilized to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro, prevent platelet deformation and maintain a relatively high proportion of complete platelets, so that relatively high encapsulation efficiency of nanoparticles and antitumor drugs is further realized, aneffective antitumor effect is realized, and the use process is safe and efficient.

The invention discloses a light-reflecting bird-repelling device at a power transmission line tower cross arm. The light-reflecting bird-repelling device comprises a base, a support rod positioned above the base, a platform fixedly connected with the upper part of the support rod, and a connecting assembly positioned below the base. Compared with the prior art, the bird-repelling device disclosedby the invention is simple in structure; after birds stand at the positions of standing rods, the standing rods are stressed to move downwards to drive telescopic springs and vertical rods to move downwards, the vertical rods are separated from rotating rods, wind power drives fan blade assemblies on the periphery of the platform to rotate, and the fan blade assemblies rotate to drive the rotatingrods and inclined plates above the rotating rods to deviate; due to the fact that the included angles of reflective lenses are different, the birds at the standing rods can be effectively expelled through light reflection, and the effect is obvious; meanwhile, a reflective mirror at one side of the base is used for effectively reflecting sunlight, so that the sunlight is more effectively gatheredat the reflective lenses, and the bird repelling efficiency is improved; and the device is reasonable in structure, wide in bird repelling range, convenient to install and suitable for popularization.

The invention discloses a sound wave fire extinguisher capable of automatically monitoring and tracking. The sound wave fire extinguisher comprises a control module and a moving module, wherein the control module comprises a power supply, a control circuit, a signal generator and a power amplifier, a power amplifier are used for supplying power to the control module and the mobile module, the control circuit controls the signal generator to send out a signal to the power amplifier, the mobile module comprises a movable cradle head device and a temperature sensor for carrying out temperature detection on the detection area, the loudspeaker is used for converting signals amplified by the power amplifier into sound waves, the sound gathering cover is used for gathering and emitting sound waves emitted by the loudspeaker, the loudspeaker is electrically connected with the power amplifier and is installed on the cradle head device, the cradle head device is controlled by a control circuit,the temperature sensor is arranged on the cradle head device and is electrically connected with the control circuit, and the sound gathering cover is arranged on the loudspeaker in a sleeved mode. Thedevice and the method disclosed can be applied to places with limited open fire, so that water-free and powder-free fire extinguishing can be realized.

A new energy-gathering wind power generation device that adopts the dynamic control of a split-flow wind regulating device, including two wind collecting walls (1) connected with a steel-structured air outlet frame (4) to form a trumpet-shaped wind collecting air duct (2 ) to form a wind energy gathering device, so that the wind speed at the position of the air duct outlet frame (4) is increased, and several high-power wind turbines (6) with miniaturized typhoon wheels are installed on the air duct outlet frame (4). Multi-layer round hole type split flow automatic wind regulator (7) is installed on the wind wall (1), each round hole type split flow automatic wind regulator (7) is connected by a round hole (9) and N folding Sector blade (10) and driving motor (12) constitute. The dynamic control of the automatic wind regulator (7) and the operation of the fixed-pitch two-speed asynchronous generator form a unified cooperative control system. Control and stabilize the operating wind speed of wind turbines, improve the efficiency of wind turbines, increase power generation, and use wind energy more effectively.

The invention relates to water-quenched slag silicate series coagulants and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the field of purification treatment of coking wastewater and high-turbidity wastewater. The coagulants comprise the following materials in a mass ratio, water-quenched slag is more than or equal to 60 meshes, and the mass ratio of sodium carbonate to the water-quenched slag is (0.1-0.5): 1. The water-quenched slag, the sodium carbonate, sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide are used as raw materials. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: grinding, sieving, roasting with a cosolvent, leaching in acid, washing filter residue after acid leaching, filtering and drying; leaching in alkali: leaching the washed and dried filter residue in the alkali, and filtering; and polymerizing: polymerizing the acid leach and the alkali leach in different polymerization modes and ageing to generate 3 coagulants. By adopting the method, the water-quenched slag extract is polymerized to generate the coagulants, so that a good removable effect on turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the coking wastewater and the high-turbidity wastewater is achieved, secondary pollution-free utilization of the water-quenched slag is realized, the production cost is reduced, the treatment effect is good, high value-added utilization of industrial solid wastes is realized, and good ecological and environmental benefits are brought.

The invention discloses a system for controlling the migration of heavy metal elements of a goaf filling body by using an electrophoresis theory. The system comprises a direct current power supply, conductive plates, a screen pipe, a concentration pipeline, a water suction pump, a water storage basin (6) and a water drainage pump. A column of conductive plates which are as long as a coal face arearranged in parallel to the coal face and in a goaf at certain distances; two adjacent columns of conductive plates are connected to different electrodes of the direct current power supply; the screenpipe is laid below the conductive plate connected to a negative electrode of the power supply. Heavy metal ions can be gathered around the conductive plate connected to the negative electrode of thepower supply under the action of an electric field, and then the water suction pump is turned on to enable sewage to pass through the screen pipe and the concentration pipeline and be gathered in an impounding reservoir; finally, the sewage is drained to the ground for treatment through the water drainage pump. The system can effectively control the migration of the heavy metal ions in surroundingrocks of the goaf to reduce pollution, caused by the heavy metal ions of the coal gangue filling body for the goaf, to an underground water environment.