The invention discloses a tin dioxide/polypyrrole nanocomposite. A tin tetrachloride solution and urea are taken as raw materials, and nano tin dioxide is prepared through a hydrothermal method in a microemulsion system including CTAB (cegtyl trimethyl ammonium bromide), n-pentanol and n-hexane; and then in the microemulsion system, ferric trichloride is taken as an oxidizing agent, and the material is prepared through microemulsionin situ polymerization to a pyrrole monomer. According to the composite material, nano tin dioxide is dispersed in loose conductive polypyrrole matrix, so that electrical contact between tin dioxide particles can be guaranteed effectively, and the nanocomposite is enabled to combine advantages of polypyrrole and tin dioxide, is expected to be an excellent Lithium-ion battery material, and is widely applied to the fields of micro-electronics, sensing, energy and the like. Meanwhile, the preparation method combines the advantages of the hydrothermal method and the microemulsion method, and has the advantages of easily obtained synthesis raw materials, simple synthesis and low cost.