129results about How to "Reduce the number of switches" patented technology

The invention discloses a GOA (Gate Driver On Array) circuit for a liquid crystal display device. The liquid crystal display device comprises a plurality of scanning lines, and the GOA circuit comprises a plurality of shifting cache units which are in cascade connection. The Nth level of shifting cache unit controls charging to the Nth level of scanning line. The Nth level of shifting cache unit comprises a forward and reverse scanning control circuit, a pull-up circuit, a bootstrap capacitive circuit, a grid signal point electric leakage prevention circuit and a pull-down holding circuit. The bootstrap capacitive circuit, the grid signal point electric leakage prevention circuit and the pull-down holding circuit are connected together to form a grid signal point so that the stability of the grid signal point can be improved and the switch use can be reduced.

A reconfigurable antenna is used in the technical field of the wireless communication. The antenna comprises three antenna radiation units, a grounding plate, a feeding port, a medium plate, five radio frequency switches, a switch controller and an ordinary connecting wire. The antenna radiation units are concentric circular sheets and circular rings which are positioned on the same side of the medium plate. The feeding port is connected with a center radiation unit of each antenna radiation unit. The five radio frequency switches are connected with the three radiation units. The ordinary connecting wire respectively connects the radio frequency switches with the switch controller, so that the connection or the disconnection of each radio frequency switch can be controlled through the switch controller, thereby changing different connection states among the three radiation units and realizing the work of the antenna in different frequency bands, namely frequency reconfiguration. The reconfigurable antenna is used for sending and receiving electromagnetic waves, and has simple structure, small volume of the whole structure, and wide reconfigured frequency band; and the control of working frequency can be realized through digital coding.

The invention belongs to the technical field of power electrons and particularly relates to a modularized multi-level full-bridge resonant power electronic transformer topology. The topology specifically comprises high-voltage side three phases which are of three-phase star connection structures, each phase is of the same structure, and each phase comprises Nt subunits and Nt low-voltage side full-bridge modules; each subunit comprises a resonance LC and a high-frequency transformer, and a high-voltage side MMC full-bridge module of each phase is shown in the description; in every two adjacent subunits, each MMC module generates a part of the base frequency phase voltage output and produces a high-frequency square wave with equal production amplitude and opposite phases at the same time, the high-frequency square wave is filtered and passes through bridge arm resonance LC, and after being separated and reduced voltage by the high-frequency transformer, the high-frequency square wave is rectified by a low-voltage side H bridge module to a low-voltage direct current bus. Compared with the high-voltage side and intermediate topology of a traditional power electronic transformer, the high-frequency transformer number, module number, capacitance number and switch number can be saved, and the topology has a good output waveform at the same time.

The present invention relates to an SVPWAM modulation method based on a three-level direct matrix converter. The method comprises the following steps: (1) determining input phase current space vectors and output phase voltage space vectors desired by a three-level direct matrix converter; (2) performing virtualization of the three-level direct matrix converter to a serial circuit model comprising a virtual rectification stage and a virtual inversion stage; (3) employing SVPWAM modulation for the virtual rectification stage to determine switching signals of each switch tube of the virtual rectification stage; (4) employing the SVPWAM modulation for the virtual inversion stage to determine switching signals of each switch tube of the virtual inversion stage; and (5) converting the switching signals of each switch tube of the virtual rectification stage and the switching signals of each switch tube of the virtual inversion stage to switching signals of each two-way switch of the three-level direct matrix converter. Compared to the prior art, the number of off and on times is maximally reduced, switching loss is reduced, the harmonic wave content of an input current is reduced, and the quality of a power grid is improved.

The embodiment of the invention relates to a digital-to-analogue conversion circuit and method, a source driver and a display device. The digital-to-analogue conversion circuit includes a first digital-to-analogue conversion device and a second digital-to-analogue conversion device, wherein the first digital-to-analogue conversion device corresponds to high-bit m digits of a (m+2)-bit digital signal, the second digital-to-analogue conversion device corresponds to low-bit n digits, and the m and the n are both integers greater than zero. The first digital-to-analogue conversion device includes a voltage division module, a first voltage selecting module and an operation module, wherein the voltage division module is used for generating 2<m> reference voltages which have an equal gap voltage, the first voltage selecting module is used for selecting first voltages corresponding to the m digits from the 2<m> reference voltages, the operation module is used for generating second voltages from two adjacent reference voltages in the 2<m> reference voltages and the first voltages, and the gap voltage of the second voltages is greater than that of the first voltages. The second digital-to-analogue conversion device is used for using the first voltages and the second voltages as reference voltages, generating third voltages corresponding to the n digits and generating the sums of the third voltages and the first voltages.

The invention provides a display panel. The display panel comprises a first gate line driving circuit and a second gate line driving circuit, which are respectively arranged on two sides of a display area, and controls the same pixel in the display area via a first gate line and a second gate line. The first gate line driving circuit is electrically coupled to the first gate line so as to provide a first control signal to the first gate line. The second gate line driving circuit is electrically coupled to the second gate line so as to provide a second control signal to the second gate line. In addition, the second gate line driving circuit is electrically coupled to a luminance control line so as to provide a luminance control signal to the luminance control line and control the same pixel to emit light at any time via the luminance control line. According to the invention, a gate control signal generator is divided into two areas, so uniformity of luminance of the display panel is better, and poor display effects caused by influences on normal operation of circuits due to errors in manufacturing technique are avoided.

The invention discloses a multi-phase motor winding switching circuit, which belongs to the field of motor control and solves the problem that the energy utilization rate of an existing switching device is low. m head ends of each winding unit of an m-phase motor are connected to m output bus wires of an inverter, each tail end of each winding unit is correspondingly connected with a collector electrode of a switching tube of one switching circuit unit of n winding switching circuit units, emitting electrodes of switching tubes of m switching units of each switching circuit unit are correspondingly connected with a cathode of one diode of one clamping circuit unit after being connected together, an anode of the diode is connected with a power supply direct-current bus wire cathode which drives the inverter of the m-phase motor together, anodes of other m diodes of each clamping circuit unit are correspondingly connected with collector electrodes of the switching tubes of the m switching units of the switching circuit unit together, m diodes are in common cathodes, and anodes of power supply direct-current bus wires are simultaneously connected together. The multi-phase machine winding switching circuit disclosed by the invention is suitable for a motor drive system.

The invention relates to a method for rapidly uninstalling multiple application programs. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining a first operation signal through a touch screen; moving a target application program icon to be superposed with another target application program icon on the touch screen through a processing unit according to the first operation signal, so as to create a destination folder; obtaining a second operation signal through the touch screen so as to move the other target application program icons to the destination folder through the processing unit; after moving the target application program icons to the destination folder, obtaining a third operation signal through the touch screen so as to move the destination folder to a recycle bin shortcut key; and uninstalling application programs corresponding to the target application program icons in the destination folder through the processing unit.

The invention provides an active matrix displayer and a driving method thereof. During the first scanning period, a first scanning line and a second scanning line of the active matrix displayer are at high potential at the same time, a first pixel electrode of the active matrix displayer is electrically connected with a data line of the active matrix displayer, and a second pixel electrode of the active matrix displayer is electrically connected with the first pixel electrode of the active matrix displayer; and during the second scanning period, a second scanning line is at low potential, the first scanning line is at high potential, the first pixel electrode is electrically connected with the data line of the active matrix displayer, and the second pixel electrode and the first pixel electrode are electrically disconnected.

The invention discloses a battery monitoring and balancing system and a control method thereof. In a balancing circuit, a battery discharging circuit and a flyback converter are combined for selectively charging or discharging and improving balancing efficiency. A single-chip microcomputer MCU is utilized for directly switching on or switching off a switch array, thereby realizing direct samplingof a single battery through an analog-to-digital converter ADC. Furthermore a switch tube in the flyback converter is directly controlled through the single-chip microcomputer MCU, thereby realizing no requirement for a sampling switch, a balancing switch, a control chip in the flyback converter, and a peripheral device, reducing the number of switches, simplifying the circuit, reducing circuit loss and cost. Furthermore simple control logic of the system is realized, and no requirement for a specialized battery balancing chip is obtained. Furthermore balancing and single battery voltage detection are simultaneously performed in the balancing step, thereby realizing loop controlling to the flyback converter and the discharging circuit and improving balancing efficiency.

The invention relates to the field of display, and provides a shift register. The shift register comprises a first input module, a second input module, a pull-up module, an output module, a first capacitor, a second capacitor and a third capacitor, wherein the first input module is electrically connected with a signal input end and a first signal end, and transmits a signal input by the first signal end to a third node by control of the signal input end; the second input module is electrically connected with the signal input end, the first signal end, a second signal end and a first clock signal end, and transmits a signal input by the signal input end to a first node; the pull-up module is electrically connected with the first clock signal end, the second signal end and a second clock signal end, and transmits a signal input by the second signal end to a second node; the output module is electrically connected with the first signal end, the second clock signal input end and an output end, and transmits the signal input by the first signal end or a signal input by the second clock signal end to the output end.

The invention relates to an active equalizer circuit of a cell pack. The active equalizer circuit comprises an input / output reversible DC / DC (Direct-Current / Direct-Current) converter and a switch array, wherein the switch array is composed of a group of positive switches and a group of negative switches, wherein one ends of the positive switches are used for being connected with the positive electrodes of the monomer cells respectively; one ends of the negative switches are used for being connected with the negative electrodes of the monomer cells respectively; the other end of each positive switch is connected with the positive electrode (V2+) of the first direct current junction terminal of the DC / DC converter; the other end of each negative switch is connected with the negative electrode (V2-) of the first direct current junction terminal of the DC / DC converter; the DC / DC converter further comprises second direct current junction terminals (V1+ and V1-); and a control switch (S13) is serially arranged in a loop formed by connecting the second direct current junction terminals (V1+ and V1-) with the positive electrodes and the negative electrodes of the cell pack. The active equalizer circuit has the main function that both the charge equalization of the cell pack is realized, and the discharge equalization of the cell pack is realized.

The invention provides an MMC sub-module with the direct-current short-circuit fault self-removing function. The MMC sub-module is composed of a first switching tube, a second switching tube, a third switching tube, a fourth switching tube, a fifth switching tube, a diode, a first capacitor and a second capacitor, wherein the switching tubes are IGBTs. The working process of the MMC sub-module is equivalent to the working process of two half-bridge modules, loss is low, the direct-current side fault self-removing capacity of a direct-current transmission system is achieved, and the number of devices forming the MMC sub-module is small. Compared with an existing half-bridge sub-module, the MMC sub-module has the direct-current side fault self-removing capacity of the direct-current transmission system; compared with an existing full-bridge sub-module, the number of the switching tubes is reduced; compared with an existing two-clamping-position sub-module, one diode is omitted, the number of the switching tubes which are powered on in the working process is reduced, and loss is low.

The invention discloses a low-input-current-ripple single-switch high-gain converter which comprises a direct-current input source (Vin), an independent boost inductor (L1), a controllable power switch tube (Q), a coupling inductor provided with a first winding (n1) and a second winding (n2), a clamping diode (D1), a clamping capacitor (C1), a first one-way rectifier diode (D2), a second one-way rectifier diode (D3), a voltage-multiplying capacitor (C2), an energy-storage capacitor (C3) and an output filter capacitor (Co). Compared with traditional Boost converters, the low-input-current-ripple single-switch high-gain converter can utilize the coupling inductor to improve output voltage gain, can reduce crest voltage stress of the power switch tube and the diode and has the advantage of being low in input current ripple, and the overall conversion efficiency of the converter is improved.

The invention provides an insertion loss test method and system, and belongs to the technical field of loss test. The insertion loss test system includes a radio frequency transmitter, a first power meter, a second power meter and a switch gating circuit, wherein the radio frequency transmitter is connected to the first power meter through a radio frequency cable; the first power meter and the second power meter are each connected with the switch gating switch through a radio frequency cable; the switch gating switch is used for accessing a device to be tested; and the first power meter and the second power meter are used for detecting the input and output power of the device to be tested respectively. The insertion loss test method is implemented based on the insertion loss test system, and includes the following steps: S01, inserting the device to be tested into the insertion loss test system by means of the switch gating circuit; and S02, acquiring the power values of the first power meter and the second power meter, and according to the above power values, calculating the insertion loss Delta S1. The insertion loss test method and system can realize on-line measurement of insertion loss of the device to be tested under the large power matched state of the transmitter and the load, and can also improve the test efficiency.

The invention relates to a movable electric vehicle charger to detect a simulated load, which is used for tests that require variable resistance in the safety performance test and output characteristic test of the electric vehicle charger. The simulated load is 500% R N , 375%R N , 250%R N , 200%R N , 150%R N , 100% R N , 75%R N and 50% R N Eight resistance value resistors are connected in parallel, among which, R N =U N / I N , is the rated voltage U output by the charger N and rated current I N By turning on or off the corresponding switch, the output terminal of the charger is connected to detect the required resistance value. The simulated load of the present invention can not only meet the requirements of the resistance value required by the detection test, but also has the characteristics of a movable type with a small volume.

A method for determining a switch network comprises the steps: (1) splitting the switch network into (M-N) small rings according to the number N of master single machines and the number (M-N) of backup single machines, wherein, the switch network is connected with the master ringlet machines and the backup single machines; M is greater than N; (M-N) is less than or identical to 4; and each small ring only comprises a backup single machine; (2) for each small ring, using a master switch with four ports and a relay switch to connect the master single machines with the backup single machines forforming a small ring structure, wherein the switch connection modes are performed respectively according to odd number or even number of the master single machines contained in the small ring; and (3) constituting various small rings into a big ring, so as to obtain a final switch network. By the method, under a condition that the numbers of the master and backup single machines are determined, adesign scheme of the switch network can be determined fast by three steps of splitting a big network into small networks, determining the connecting relation of the small networks and constituting the small networks into a big network; and the determined switch network satisfies the completeness, minimality, first backup compatibility and first backup shortest performance of a redundant network.

The invention provides a technology for shifting all application icons out of a file rapidly. A 'one-key to empty the file' button is additionally arranged to trigger an operation to remove all the application icons in the file. Compared with the prior art, the technology has the advantages that user operations are reduced, the operation fatigue of the user is reduced, the practical using efficiency of the user is improved, the switching frequency of user interfaces is reduced, hand and eye fatigue of the user is reduced, the operability is higher, and the technology is easy to popularize and realize and has wide industrial application prospects.

The invention provides a switched capacitor common mode feedback structure, and belongs to the technical field of analog integrated circuits. The switched capacitor common mode feedback structure is applicable to a fully differential operational amplifier, and comprises an output level scaling switched capacitor module and a common mode level detection and amplification module, two input ends of the output level scaling switched capacitor module are connected with two output ends of the fully differential operational amplifier for scaling an output voltage of the fully differential operationalamplifier, so that the scaled voltage satisfies the input range of the common mode level detection and amplification module, an output end of the output level scaling switched capacitor module is connected with the input end of the common mode level detection and amplification module, the common mode level detection and amplification module detects the scaled voltage, and the output end of the common mode level detection and amplification module outputs a common mode feedback current source bias voltage to feed back a current source bias point of the fully differential operational amplifier,so that the output common mode level of the fully differential operational amplifier is stabilized at an ideal common mode level. The switched capacitor common mode feedback structure provided by theinvention not only has the advantages of higher speed and higher precision of the common mode feedback structure within a continuous time, but also has the advantages of large output amplitude and good linearity of the switched capacitor common mode feedback structure.

A liquid conveying substrate comprises: rectangular electrodes which are disposed on the substrate surface and whose surfaces are covered with a dielectric with a water repellent surface; first axial electrode columns where the rectangular electrodes are coupled in an x direction; and second axial electrode columns where the rectangular electrodes are coupled in a y direction. Accordingly, electrodes necessary for conveying liquid droplets can be arranged on one substrate, and the number of mechanisms for controlling the potential can be suppressed.

The invention discloses a vehicle carrying plate addressing detection and recognition device of vertical circulating mechanical parking equipment. A fixing shaft is mounted on each vehicle carrying plate of the vertical circulating mechanical parking equipment, each vehicle carrying plate is coded according to a binary mode to form an addressing address, annular sensing blocks for detecting parking space in-place signals and annular sensing blocks arranged according to the addressing addresses are fixedly mounted on fixing shafts, groove-shaped photoelectric switches correspondingly detecting the annular sensing blocks on the vehicle carrying plates are mounted on a steel structure below parking equipment, each groove-shaped photoelectric switch is connected with a PLC (programmable logic controller) input end, a PLC output end is connected with a contactor or a driving motor, and a PLC distinguishes parking spaces according to input signals and outputs signals to control the driving motor to act. The vehicle carrying plate addressing detection and recognition device has the advantages of number of the switches is reduced, and fault occurrence rate of the equipment is lowered.

The invention discloses a contactless voltage stabilizer main circuit with high voltage stabilization precision. The contactless voltage stabilizer main circuit comprises a compensation transformer, an autotransformer and a reversing circuit. The two lead-out terminals and the n taps of the autotransformer are connected in parallel to be connected with a parallel wire through first contactor switches. Second contactor switches are arranged between every two adjacent connection points on the parallel wire. Both ends of the parallel wire are connected to the primary winding of the compensation transformer through the reversing circuit. The contactless voltage stabilizer main circuit has high voltage stabilization precision and a wide voltage stabilization range. The invention also discloses a contactless voltage stabilizer, which comprises a contactless voltage stabilizer main circuit, an output sampling circuit, a comparator and a control circuit, wherein the output sampling circuit acquires the voltage at the output end of a circuit to be subjected to voltage stabilization; the comparator is connected to the output sampling circuit; the control circuit is connected to the comparator, the reversing circuit, the first contactor switches and the second contactor switches. The contactless voltage stabilizer achieves high precision and voltage stabilization in a wide range.

The invention discloses a multi-phase motor winding switching circuit, which belongs to the field of motor control and solves the problem that the energy utilization rate of an existing switching device is low. m head ends of each winding unit of an m-phase motor are connected to m output bus wires of an inverter, each tail end of each winding unit is correspondingly connected with a collector electrode of a switching tube of one switching circuit unit of n winding switching circuit units, emitting electrodes of switching tubes of m switching units of each switching circuit unit are correspondingly connected with a cathode of one diode of one clamping circuit unit after being connected together, an anode of the diode is connected with a power supply direct-current bus wire cathode which drives the inverter of the m-phase motor together, anodes of other m diodes of each clamping circuit unit are correspondingly connected with collector electrodes of the switching tubes of the m switching units of the switching circuit unit together, m diodes are in common cathodes, and anodes of power supply direct-current bus wires are simultaneously connected together. The multi-phase machine winding switching circuit disclosed by the invention is suitable for a motor drive system.

The invention belongs to the technical field of bridge construction and particularly relates to a continuous beam cantilever casting secondary real-time counterweight system and a construction method. The device solves a problem that the manual uncertainty risk is large due to the fact that the unbalance deviation is kept within an allowable range through a method of manually commanding and controlling the concrete pouring variance in traditional continuous beam concrete pouring, and comprises a central water tank arranged in the center of a 0 # section, poured sections are arranged on the two sides of the 0 # section, and hanging baskets are installed on the poured sections; a hanging basket refitting part capable of moving forwards along with the hanging basket is installed on the hanging basket, to-be-poured section water tanks are installed on the left side and the right side of the hanging basket refitting part correspondingly, and the central water tank supplies water to the to-be-poured section water tanks; an adjustable laser emitting device II and an adjustable laser emitting device I are installed at the end, close to the to-be-poured section, of the poured section, a double-sided photosensitive induction device is arranged in the center of the 0 # section, and pressure sensors are arranged between the bottoms of the hanging basket longitudinal beams on the two sides and the poured beam section.

The invention relates to a mixed phase shifter based on an MEMS switch. The mixed phase shifter is composed of a 180-degree phase shifting unit, a mixed phase shifting unit and a 22.5-degree phase shifting unit. The mixed phase shifting unit comprises a radio frequency input transmission line, a radio frequency output transmission line, and a 21th branch and a 22th branch located between the radiofrequency input transmission line and the radio frequency output transmission line and connected in parallel. Therefore, an MEMS contact switch and an MEMS capacitive switch are applied into a phaseshifter in a mixing mode, and the phase shift of 0 degree / 45 degrees / 90 degrees / 135 degrees is integrated into one bit. Compared with the traditional four-bit switch line type phase shifter, the mixedphase shifter reduces the use of T-shaped junctions and can effectively reduce insertion loss. It can be met that a four-phase shifter uses two-type phase shift modes and can combine the advantages of the two-type phase shift modes to reduce the number of the switches, the structure design is more flexible, the performances are competitive, the whole layout is simple, and the practical implementation is easy.

The invention discloses a hybrid MEMS phase shifter, so as to solve problems of large phase shifter chip area, poor phase shift precision and low process tolerance in the prior art. The hybrid MEMS phase shifter comprises a base, a microstrip transmission line grounding line arranged at the bottom part of the base, a phase delay network, a phase reference network, and power distributors for being connected with the phase delay network and the phase reference network, wherein the power distributors are connected with the phase delay network and the phase reference network via single-pole single-throw switches or single-pole double-throw switches; each of the phase delay network and the phase reference network is composed of one or more MEMS variable capacitors and two connection transmission lines connected with two sides of the MEMS variable capacitors respectively and connected with parallel-type MEMS switches, and the single-pole single-throw switches or single-pole double-throw switches are the parallel-type MEMS switches. The switched-line phase shifter and the distributed phase delay network structure are combined, and advantages that the reference network and the delay network have high isolation, and phase shift is simulated and adjustable in a small range.

The invention discloses an active clamping, boosting and isolating series miniature converter control method and a device. The device comprises an acquisition circuit used to acquire an input direct voltage and current signal and an output direct voltage signal, a controller used to track the maximum power of the input direct voltage and current signal and form a switching drive signal, a drive circuit used to control on-off of a main switch and an auxiliary switch of an active clamping and boosting circuit according to the switching drive signal, the active clamping and boosting circuit used to actively clamp and boost the high side of the input direct voltage signal, and an isolation circuit used to isolate the direct voltage signal after high-side active clamping and boosting and output a boosted high-frequency direct voltage. By adopting the active clamping, boosting and isolating series miniature converter control method and the device of the invention, on the premise of ensuring the safety performance of voltage conversion, the number of the switches is reduced, the stress of the switches is lowered, the size of the device is reduced, and the cost is lowered.

The invention discloses a lamp control system using alternating current chopping transmission data, and particularly relates to the technical field of lamp control equipment. The system comprises an alternating current chopping data sending module and an alternating current chopping data receiving module. The connection end of the alternating current chopping data receiving module is connected with a lamp driver module. According to the invention, the system is provided with the alternating current chopping data sending module and the alternating current chopping data receiving module; the alternating current chopping data sending module receives external control data, converts the data and sends the data to the alternating current chopping data receiving module via an alternating currentwire; after analysis of the alternating current chopping data receiving module, the brightness, color temperature and the like of a street lamp or other lamps are finally controlled by the lamp drivermodule; the alternating current wire is used to transmit the data to realize various functions such as brightness adjustment, color temperature adjustment and color control; and without additional signal transmission lines or other wireless transmission modules, single-point intelligent control of multiple lamps connected with the single loop alternating current wire is realized.

The invention discloses a manual lifting machinery controller. The manual lifting machinery controller comprises an upper seat frame, a lower seat frame, a lead screw and a guide column which are fixed between the upper seat frame and the lower seat frame, a speed reducer which is arranged on the upper seat frame, a first fixed plate which is connected with the upper seat frame, a second fixed plate which is connected with the lower seat frame, a guide sleeve which is arranged on the lead screw and the guide column, an arm which is connected with the guide sleeve and a rocker arm; the lead screw comprises a cylindrical lead screw with a screw roller path on the outer circle and an inverter which is fixed on the lead screw; the inverter comprises a front inverter and a rear inverter which are installed in rectangular inversion grooves at two ends of the lead screw and matched with the shape of the lead screw; and two ends of the roller path are ended in inversion holes in two ends of the lead screw, a curve groove which is communicated with the cylindrical groove and the inversion hole at any end of the lead screw is formed in the inverter, and one part of the roller path is arranged on a corresponding position of the front inverter. The manual lifting machinery controller can move up and down, a lifting motor is provided with a brake, the lifting speed is classified into a high lifting speed and a low lifting speed, and the rocker arm can rotate; and by lifting the manual machinery rocker arm and rotating the rocker arm, the operation is simple and convenient.

The multiple antenna loop configuration for electromagnetic inducing system includes several antenna loops and each of the antenna loop has one end contained to an antenna switch and the other end connected to earthing wire. Each of the symmetrical antenna loops has several n-shaped sections to form sawtooth area and constitute several quasi-closed areas. When the symmetrical antenna loops are inphase, the n-shaped sections form the sawtooth area in non-cross mode; and when the symmetrical antenna loops are in phase opposition, the n-shaped sections form the sawtooth area in cross mode.