Methods and systems configured to measure content of a target substance in a fluid sample using a
refractometer including a
light source and a light sensor. A method includes: calibrating the
refractometer by identifying a calibration pixel pattern of first pixels of the light sensor illuminated by light from the
light source that has reflected off a sensing surface of a container including a reference fluid having a known reference density; identifying a blood pixel pattern of second pixels of the light sensor illuminated by light from the
light source that has reflected off the sensing surface when the fluid sample is present in the container; identifying a pixel shift distance along the light sensor from the calibration pixel pattern to the fluid pixel pattern; and determining the content of the target substance in the fluid sample based on the pixel shift distance.