73results about How to "Efficiently oxidized" patented technology

The present invention relates to a layered catalyst composite useful for reducing contaminants in exhaust gas streams, especially gaseous streams containing sulfur oxide contaminants. More specifically, the present invention is concerned with improved catalysts of the type generally referred to as “three-way conversion” catalysts. The layered catalysts trap sulfur oxide contaminants, which tend to poison three-way conversion catalysts used to abate other pollutants in the stream. The layered catalyst composites of the present invention have a sulfur oxide absorbing layer before or above a nitrogen oxide absorbing layer, and/or normal three-way catalytic layers. The layered catalyst composite comprises a first layer and a second layer. The first layer comprises a first support and at least one first platinum component. The second layer comprises a second support and a SO_x sorbent component after forming its reaction product with SOx having a free energy of formation from about 0 to about −90 Kcal/mole at 350° C. The sulfur oxide absorbing layer selectively and reversibly absorbs sulfur oxides over nitrogen oxides and prevents or alleviates sulfur oxide poisoning of the nitrogen oxide trap.

To provide an oxidation catalyst fault diagnosis unit and fault diagnosis method that can perform fault diagnosis of an oxidation catalyst with good precision in a desired time period and an internal combustion engine exhaust purification apparatus equipped with the oxidation catalyst fault diagnosis unit.

An oxidation catalyst fault diagnosis unit which, in an exhaust purification apparatus of an internal combustion engine that delivers a reducing agent capable of generating ammonia to an exhaust passage on the upstream side of a reduction catalyst and selectively reduces and purifies NO_x in exhaust with the reduction catalyst, is for performing fault diagnosis of an oxidation catalyst placed on the downstream side of the reduction catalyst, the oxidation catalyst fault diagnosis being equipped with a reducing agent dosage calculating portion that sets a dosage of the reducing agent such that a predetermined quantity of the ammonia flows out to the downstream side of the reduction catalyst, an oxidation efficiency calculating portion that obtains the efficiency with which the predetermined quantity of ammonia flowing out to the downstream side of the reduction catalyst is oxidized by the oxidation catalyst when the predetermined quantity of ammonia passes through the oxidation catalyst, and a fault determining portion that performs determination of whether or not the oxidation catalyst is faulty by comparing the oxidation efficiency with a predetermined reference value.

An OLED includes an anode formed over a substrate, wherein the anode is a non-oxygen-treated anode and an anode modification layer formed in direct contact with the anode, wherein the anode modification layer includes one or more organic materials, each having an electron-accepting property and a reduction potential greater than 0.0 V vs. a Saturated Calomel Electrode, and wherein the one or more organic materials provide more than 50% by mole ratio of the anode modification layer. The OLED also includes an organic electroluminescent unit formed over the anode modification layer, wherein the organic electroluminescent unit includes at least a hole-transporting layer and a light-emitting layer, and a cathode formed over the organic electroluminescent unit.

Provided is a burner for regenerating a diesel engine particulate filter. The burner includes: a combustion chamber for receiving exhaust gas from a diesel engine; a carburetor for gasifying liquid fuel; a mixed gas supplying unit for mixing the gasified fuel with an external air, and supplying the mixed gaseous fuel to the combustion chamber; a mixed gas storing chamber disposed in the combustion chamber for receiving the mixed gaseous fuel and instantly storing the received mixed gaseous fuel; an inner flame combustor made of porous material for injecting the mixed gaseous fuel toward the inside of the inner flame combustor, and disposed in the combustion chamber to allow an exhaust gas to flow through the inner flame combustor; an igniter for igniting the mixed gaseous fuel; and a flame sensor for sensing the flame on the inner flame combustor.

A reversible electrochemical system includes a first electrode comprising liquid silver metal and a second electrode, said first and second electrodes separated by a oxygen ion-conducting solid electrolyte; a conduit for directing a first reactive material across the second electrode; and a conduit for contacting second reactive material with the first liquid silver electrode, wherein the cell is capable of steam electrolysis when the polarity of the electrodes is selected such that the liquid silver is an anode and the cell is capable of electrical energy generation when the polarity of the electrodes is selected such that the liquid silver is a cathode.

A fuel cell system which reduces a quantity of hydrogen in hydrogen off-gas discharged from a fuel cell, and then discharges the hydrogen off-gas to atmosphere, includes an adjusting valve that suppresses a pulsed change in a flow quantity of hydrogen off-gas, which is intermittently discharged from the fuel cell to an exhaust passage and therefore flows in the exhaust passage in a pulse manner, such that the flow quantity becomes constant (stable).

The present invention discloses a method for reducing NO_x in exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine. The purpose of this invention is to convert engine out NO_x (approximately 90% NO in diesel exhaust) into roughly a 50:50 mixture of NO and NO₂, while simultaneously oxidizing engine-out hydrocarbons which interfere with the reduction of NO_x by urea or ammonia. The present invention demonstrates that a 50:50 blend of NO and NO₂ is reduced more rapidly and with higher efficiency than a gas stream which is predominantly NO. In addition, catalyst in an engine exhaust that is a 50:50 mixture of NO and NO₂ is far more resistant to hydrothermal deterioration than using NO alone. In another embodiment of the present invention, a vehicle exhaust system utilizing the method of the present invention is provided.

Disclosed is a catalytic filter for removing soot particulates from diesel engine exhaust, which is comprised of monolithic oxidation catalyst upstream of the catalytic filter, which effectively oxidize gaseous pollutants and volatile organic fractions, and a catalyzed wall-flow filter downstream serving to low temperature combustion of soot particulates collected on the filter. Also, the preparation method of the catalytic filter is provided, including the colloidal mixture solution of platinum group metal salts and other metal salts with a water-soluble polymer and a reducing agent, which is then impregnated on a catalyst support, followed by calcining at high temperatures. In the present invention, use of the catalytic filter provides effective means of abating diesel exhaust pollutant emissions, that is, particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants (HC, CO, NOx).

A catalyst composition for facilitating the oxidation of soot from diesel engine exhaust is provided. The catalyst composition includes a catalytic metal selected from Pt, Pd, Pt—Pd, Ag, or combinations thereof, an active metal oxide component containing Cu and La, and a support selected from alumina, silica, zirconia, or combinations thereof. The platinum group metal loading of the composition is less than about 20 g/ft³. The catalyst composition may be provided on a diesel particulate filter by impregnating the filter with an alumina, silica or zirconia sol solution modified with glycerol and/or saccharose, impregnating the filter with a stabilizing solution, and impregnating the filter with a solution containing the active metal oxide precursor(s) and the catalytic metal precursor(s). The resulting catalyst coated diesel particulate filter provides effective soot oxidation, exhibits good thermal stability, has a high BET surface area, and exhibits minimal backpressure.

A method for regenerating a particulate filter is disclosed. In one example, oxygen is pumped from the intake system of a direct injection turbocharged gasoline engine to the exhaust system by a compressor. The oxygen is introduced to a particulate filter at a location upstream from the particulate filter and downstream of a three-way catalyst. The oxygen may be regulated in part by adjusting compressor boost pressure in response to a state of particulate filter regeneration. Further, in one embodiment, engine NOx can be controlled by EGR.

Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to redox flow batteries and, more specifically, to flow batteries that employ electron-ferrying redox compounds made from polyoxometalates (“POMs”). Embodiments of the present invention employ flow-battery technology that combines the fast electrochemical reaction of a battery with the fuel flexibility of a fuel cell to meet next-generation energy needs of a variety of power applications, including portable electronics used in military and commercial applications and large power modules that provide 550 W or more. To obtain a high-power-density stack, a reduced form of liquid POM is fed to the stack of cells, in certain embodiments of the present invention, where the reduced form of liquid POM is efficiently oxidized into liquid products at the anodes. Air is fed and reduced at the cathodes, generating water as a byproduct.

A reactor for supercritical water oxidation comprises an essentially vertical reactor section (11) and an essentially non-vertical reactor section (12), wherein the vertical reactor section has a cross-sectional area which is substantially larger than the cross-sectional area of the non-vertical reactor section. The vertical reactor section has an inlet (14) in an upper portion thereof for receiving (17) a flow containing organic material and water, and an outlet (16) in a lower portion thereof for outputting (20) the flow. Both the vertical and the non-vertical reactor sections are configured to oxidize organic material in the flow through supercritical water oxidation.

The oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) in an oxygen-containing gas stream, such as the exhaust stream from a diesel engine, or other lean-burn engine, may be catalyzed using a combination of mixed oxide particles of cerium, zirconium and copper, and discrete particles of an alumina-supported platinum group metal catalyst. The catalyzed oxidation of CO and HC by this combination of oxidation catalyst particles is effective at temperatures below 300° C.

Processes for the reduction of NO_x emissions from a regeneration zone during a fluid catalytic cracking of a hydrocarbon feedstock into lower molecular weight components are disclosed. The processes comprise contacting during a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process where NO_x emissions are released from a regeneration zone of a fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) operating in a heterogeneous combustion mode under FCC conditions, a hydrocarbon feedstock with a circulating inventory of a FCC cracking catalyst and a NO_x reduction composition. The NO_x reduction composition comprises: (1) at least one reduced nitrogen species component having the ability to reduce the content of reduced nitrogen species to molecular nitrogen under reducing or partial burn FCC conditions and (2) at least one NO_x reduction component having the ability to convert NO_x to molecular nitrogen under oxidizing or full burn FCC conditions. The reduced nitrogen species and the NO_x reduction components do not significantly increase the content of reduced nitrogen species or NO_x under any mode of combustion during a FCC process.

Systems and methods are described for coordinating the regeneration of a gasoline particulate filter to a time duration when engine output falls below a predetermined load threshold selected to indicate a low power state of the engine. In one particular example, the engine is configured to adjust engine operations to regenerate the particulate filter responsive to engine output falling below a predetermined low power threshold, the regeneration further based on an estimated duration that the output falls continuously below the low power threshold. The system and methods described advantageously allow for either full or partial regeneration events to be performed based on the estimated duration of the engine output below the low power threshold.

A surface emitting semiconductor laser which can perform laser oscillation in a single peak beam like that in a single lateral mode and a manufacturing method which can easily manufacture such a laser at a high yield are provided. When a surface emitting semiconductor laser having a post type mesa structure is formed on an n-type semiconductor substrate, a mesa portion is formed and up to a p-side electrode and an n-side electrode are formed. Thereafter, a voltage is applied across the p-side and n-side electrodes and the laser is subjected to a steam atmosphere while extracting output light, thereby forming an Al oxide layer onto a p-type Al_wGa_1-wAs layer as a top layer of a p-type DBR layer and forming refractive index distribution like that of a concave lens.

The consumption of organic solids with anaerobic digestion to generate usable gases including methane is made more efficient by maintaining the ideal digestion temperature, which is attained by combining the anaerobic digestion process with a halogen digester which produces heat energy and hydrogen gas. With a given biological feedstock four outputs can be generated (methane, hydrogen, electricity, and heat) in the ratio that makes the most economical sense. The process also provides a significant reduction in volume of output solids. The halogen oxidation process can be used on all the anaerobic digester effluent to extract more energy and oxidize a wet feedstock. If there are solids which are not easily digested with the anaerobic process, these solids can be diverted to the halogen digester to derive more energy from the feedstock. Pathogens common to other anaerobic digester effluents are removed. The mixture of methane and hydrogen gas can be compressed to produce an enriched compressed natural gas (CNG) with a variety of uses.