The invention provides an underlayment used for diamond synthesis and having a coating layer as well as a diamond synthesis system. The substrate is used to place seed crystals for diamond synthesis and at least comprises one sample mounting surface, a plurality of seed crystal mounting grooves are formed in each sample mounting surface, the roughness of each sample mounting surface is larger thanthat of the bottom surfaces of the seed crystal mounting grooves. aiming at the problems of diamond fixation and polycrystalline growth in diamond mass production in the prior art, a film is uniformly plated on the surface of the substrate to roughen the plating surface, so that purposes of fixation of diamond seed crystals, batch fixation and inhabitation of polycrystalline growth can be achieved. The invention also provides a diamond synthesis system which comprises a microwave source, a microwave coupling system, a reaction chamber with an air inlet system and an air outlet system, a vacuum system connected to the reaction chamber, a substrate located in the reaction chamber, wherein the substrate at least comprises one sample mounting surface, the plurality of seed crystal mounting grooves are formed in the surface of each sample mounting surface, and the roughness of each sample mounting surface is larger than that of the bottom surfaces of the seed crystal mounting grooves.