The invention discloses a preparation method of a high-ionic-conductivity composite solid electrolyte, and belongs to the field of ionic conductor electrolytes. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, adding ceramic powder and a dispersing agent into deionized water to obtain slurry through ball-milling and mixing, dispersing the ceramic powder under the steric hindrance action of an organic chain of the dispersing agent adsorbed on the surfaces of ceramic particles, then adding a binder and a cross-linking agent, and continuously ball-milling to prepare water-based ceramic slurry; and before in-situ curing of the slurry, putting the template into the slurry, fully infiltrating, taking out, curing, drying, calcining to remove the template, carrying out high-temperature sintering to obtain a porous ceramic structure, and finally compounding with a polymer to obtain the solid electrolyte. Compared with other technologies, the method has the advantages that the structure of the porous ceramic electrolyte can be flexibly designed according to the selection of the template; meanwhile, the porous ceramic skeleton is compact, the crystallinity is good, the volume ratio is high, and the ionic conductivity of the composite electrolyte is greatly improved; the porous ceramic skeleton is environment-friendly, low in cost and beneficial to large-scale popularizationand application.