447 results about "Monovalent Cations" patented technology

The invention discloses a preparation method for sodium alginate-acrylamide-based hydrogel. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: dissolving sodium alginate powder in deionized water; then sequentially adding an acrylamide monomer, a methylene diacrylamide cross-linking agent, ammonium persulfate and an N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine catalyst; uniformly stirring the materials, pouring the mixture into a glass die, and heating the mixture to obtain a hydrogel; completely soaking the hydrogel in a 0.01-1 mol/L non-monovalent cation aqueous solution for 1-10 hours, wherein cations diffuse and enter in a hydrogel network structure, and induce sodium alginate to cross-link, so as to generate the high-strength and high-toughness sodium alginate-acrylamide-based hydrogel during the process. The hydrogel disclosed by the invention has the following performances: the highest tensile strength can achieve 1 MPa, and the highest tensile elasticity modulus can achieve 250 KPa; a loading-unloading test is performed on the hydrogel, and when the great tensile multiple before unloading is 8, the highest dissipated energy can achieve 2180 KJ/m<3>.

The invention is directed to a solid ion conductor which has a garnet-like crystal structure and has the stoichiometric composition L_7+xA_xG_3−xZr₂O₁₂, wherein

• • L is in each case independently a monovalent cation,
  • A is in each case independently a divalent cation,
  • G is in each case independently a trivalent cation,
  • 0≦x≦3 and
  • O can be partly or completely replaced by divalent or trivalent anion.

Sodium chloride and purified water are recovered by treating salt water that contains sodium chloride with an integrated reverse osmosis and electrodialysis system, which includes an efficiency-enhancing feature that is one or more of the following: the use of univalent anion and univalent cation selective membranes in the electrodialysis unit; the addition of a nanofiltration unit to process the diluate from the electrodialysis unit; or operation of the electrodialysis unit at an elevated pressure. Magnesium and bromine can optionally be produced when the salt water contains these materials.

Perovskite-type catalyst consists essentially of a metal oxide composition is provided. The metal oxide composition is represented by the general formula A.sub.1-x B.sub.x MO.sub.3, in which A is a mixture of elements originally in the form of single phase mixed lanthanides collected from bastnasite; B is a divalent or monovalent cation; M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of elements of an atomic number of from 22 to 30, 40 to 51, and 73 to 80; and x is a number defined by 0.ltoreq.x<0.5.

An oral smokeless tobacco product comprises bleached tobacco raw material with less than about 4 weight-% fermentable carbohydrates, calculated on dry total weight of the bleached tobacco raw material, with an ISO brightness not less than about 60; nicotine selected from nicotine from tobacco plants and/or synthetic nicotine; and an alginate composition. The alginate composition is distributed in the product and comprises at least water, alginate and an added substance intended to be released from the product when used. The composition contains an alginate matrix that retains at least a major proportion of the added substance so long as the matrix is intact, the alginate matrix being formed so as to disintegrate and/or dissolve in the chemical and physical environment existing in a user's mouth. The alginate contains an alginate salt of monovalent cations and is soluble in cold water. The product has a water content of 5 to 55%.

Disclosed herein is a novel group of carbidonitride phosphors and light emitting devices which utilize these phosphors. In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a novel family of carbidonitride-based phosphors expressed as follows:

Ca_1-xAl_x-xySi_1-x+xyN_2-x-xyC_xy:A  (1);

Ca_1-x-zNa_zM(III)_x-xy-zSi_1-x+xy+zN_2-x-xyC_xy:A  (2);

M(II)_1-x-zM(I)_zM(III)_x-xy-zSi_1-x+xy+zN_2-x-xyC_xy:A  (3);

M(II)_1-x-zM(I)_zM(III)_x-xy-zSi_1-x+xy+zN_2-x-xy-2w/3C_xyO_w-v/2H_v:A  (4); and

M(II)_1-x-zM(I)_zM(III)_x-xy-zSi_1-x+xy+zN_{2-x-xy-2w/3-v/3}C_xyO_wH_v:A  (4a),

wherein 0<x<1, 0<y<1, 0≦z<1, 0≦v<1, 0<w<1, x+z<1, x>xy+z, and 0<x-xy-z<1, M(II) is at least one divalent cation, M(I) is at least one monovalent cation, M(III) is at least one trivalent cation, H is at least one monovalent anion, and A is a luminescence activator doped in the crystal structure.

The present invention is directed to a composition useful for making homogeneously mineralized self assembled peptide-amphiphile nanofibers and nanofiber gels. The composition is generally a solution comprised of a positively or negatively charged peptide-amphiphile and a like signed ion from the mineral. Mixing this solution with a second solution containing a dissolved counter-ion of the mineral and/or a second oppositely charged peptide amphiphile, results in the rapid self assembly of the peptide-amphiphiles into a nanofiber gel and templated mineralization of the ions. Templated mineralization of the initially dissolved mineral cations and anions in the mixture occurs with preferential orientation of the mineral crystals along the fiber surfaces within the nanofiber gel. One advantage of the present invention is that it results in homogenous growth of the mineral throughout the nanofiber gel. Another advantage of the present invention is that the nanofiber gel formation and mineralization reactions occur in a single mixing step and under substantially neutral or physiological pH conditions. These homogeneous nanostructured composite materials are useful for medical applications especially the regeneration of damaged bone in mammals. This invention is directed to the synthesis of peptide-amphiphiles with more than one amphiphilic moment and to supramolecular compositions comprised of such multi-dimensional peptide-amphiphiles. Supramolecular compositions can be formed by self assembly of multi-dimensional peptide-amphiphiles by mixing them with a solution comprising a monovalent cation.

The present invention is directed to an enhanced oil recovery composition comprising (a) a surfactant comprising an alkylated hydroxyaromatic sulfonate having the general formula:

wherein R₁ is an alkyl group containing from about 8 to 40 carbon atoms and having from about 20% to about 50% methyl branching, and M is a mono-valent cation; (b) a solvent; (c) a passivator; and (d) a polymer.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a novel biological microcapsule for a biological fluidized bed. The microcapsule is prepared through treating sodium alginate, powdery active carbon, calcium chloride and chitosan as capsule materials, and a dominant degradation bacterium as a capsule core, preparing calcium alginate gel beads through carrying out ion exchange on sodium alginate and calcium chloride, coating the surface of the gel beads with chitosan, liquefying the gel beads in sodium citrate, and coating the gel beads with sodium alginate. The diameter of the prepared microcapsule is 3.0-4.0mm, the membrane thickness of the prepared microcapsule is 10-20mum, the density of the prepared microcapsule is 1.05-1.08g/mL, and the maximum interception molecular weight of the prepared microcapsule is about PEG 4000, so a micromolecular substance with the relative molecular weight of less than PEG 1500 can freely go through the capsule membrane. Acidic conditions and most divalent cations allow the microcapsule to be stable, and monovalent cations and most anions are bad for the stability of the microcapsule.

Perovskite-type catalyst consists essentially of a metal oxide composition and methods of using them are provided. The metal oxide composition is represented by the general formula A_a−xB_xMO_b, in which A is a mixture of elements originally in the form of single phase mixed lanthanides collected from bastnasite; B is a divalent or monovalent cation; M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of elements of an atomic number of from 23 to 30, 40 to 51, and 73 to 80; a is 1 or 2; b is 3 when a is 1 or b is 4 when a is 2; and x is a number defined by 0≦x<0.5. Methods of making and using the perovskite-type catalysts are also provided. The perovskite-type catalyst may be used to reduce nitrogen oxides, oxidize carbon monoxide, and oxidize hydrocarbons in an exhaust stream from a motor vehicle. Methods of such a use are provided.

In a liquid detergent comprising a subtilisin and optionally a second (non-subtilisin) enzyme, the combination of a peptide aldehyde (or hydrosulfite adduct thereof) with a salt of a monovalent cation and a monovalent organic anion has a synergistic stabilizing effect on the subtilisin and/or the second enzyme. The improved enzyme stability is of particular interest in liquid detergent compositions where the enzyme would otherwise have poor storage stability.

The invention discloses a method for preparing positively charged nanofiltration membranes. The positively charged nanofiltration membranes are formed by porous support layers and functional layers which are formed by copolymers containing cations and hydroxy. The preparation process is as follows: firstly, obtaining functional copolymers through free radical copolymerization, preparing the copolymers into water solution with certain concentration, coating the prepared water solution on the support layers and drying the support layers; and secondly, immerging the support layers into solution containing cross-linking agents, and finally carrying out heating and curing to obtain the positively charged nanofiltration membranes. Under the operation pressure of 0.6MPa, the positively charged nanofiltration membranes have water flux of 12-18L/m<2>.h, show very high retention ratio which is generally 75-95% to bivalent cations and show retention ratio which is generally lower than 65% to monovalent cations. The prepared positively charged nanofiltration membranes have excellent separation property, and the method is simple and feasible, low in cost and easy for industrial production.

The invention provides a preparation method of a polyvinylidene fluoride grafted p-styrenesulfonic acid proton exchange membrane. The method comprises the following steps of: firstly, adding a phase transfer catalyst into a prepared alkaline alcohol solution to obtain an alkaline alcohol solution containing the phase transfer catalyst; adding polyvinylidene fluoride into the solution and processing to obtain alkaline-treatment polyvinylidene fluoride powder; adding the obtained powder into an organic solvent to obtain an alkaline-treatment polyvinylidene fluoride powder solution; adding a p-styrene sulfonate monomer and an initiator, and reacting in a nitrogen atmosphere; performing ultrasonic oscillation, and putting the product in a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane frame; drying and stripping the membrane; replacing the monovalent cations in the membrane; removing the residual sulfuric acid; and storing the product in the deionized water to obtain the polyvinylidene fluoride grafted p-styrenesulfonic acid proton exchange membrane. Through the method, a proton exchange membrane with high electric conductivity can be prepared, and the electric conductivity is relatively approximate to that of a Nafion membrane; and the preparation method is simple and easy to implement, has relatively low cost and can be applied to large-scale production.

[Object] To provide a proton exchange membrane for a fuel cell having excellent proton conductivity, lower property of swelling with hot water, and excellent durability, as well as a block copolymer forming the proton exchange membrane, and a composition, a molded product, a fuel cell proton exchange membrane electrode assembly, and a fuel cell.

[Solving Means] (1) A block copolymer having a hydrophilic segment and a hydrophobic segment and having a structure expressed by Chemical Formula 1 below

(where X represents H or a univalent cation, Y represents sulfonyl group or carbonyl group, each of Z and z′ independently represents any of O and S atoms, W represents one or more group selected from the group consisting of direct bond between benzenes, sulfone group and carbonyl group, each of Ar¹ and Ar² independently represents divalent aromatic group, and each of n and m independently represents an integer from 2 to 100), and a molded product, a composition, and a proton exchange membrane, as well as a fuel cell including the proton exchange membrane.

Compositions, kits and methods are provided for restoring skin barrier function to skin exposed to environmental elements and/or in a pathological condition. In general, divalent cations such as calcium ions and/or magnesium ions are included in a physiologically acceptable medium. In some embodiments, divalent cations are balanced with monovalent cations such as sodium and potassium ions at appropriate ratios in order to maintain the homeostasis of skin barrier. The compositions, kits and methods can be used as cosmetics, cosmeceuticals or pharmaceuticals for improving skin condition, and preventing or treating dermatological diseases and skin disorders.