The invention discloses an optical fiber multi-parameter detecting system for goaf traffic infrastructures. The optical fiber multi-parameter detecting system comprises a chaotic laser emitting device, a 2*2 optical fiber coupler, a first isolator, a first 3*3 optical fiber coupler, a third optical fiber polarization controller, an electro-optical modulator, a sinusoidal signal generator, a firstadjustable optical delay generator, a second erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier, a polarization scrambler, a second isolator, a third erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier, a fourth optical fiber polarization controller, an acousto-optic modulator, a pulse generator, a second 3*3 optical fiber coupler, a second adjustable optical delay generator, a third 1*2 optical fiber coupler, a second circulator, a fourth 1*2 optical fiber coupler, multi-core sensing optical fibers, a Bragg grating, a wavelength division multiplexer, a band-pass filter, an avalanche photoelectric amplifier, a first photoelectric detector, a second photoelectric detector, a third photoelectric detector, a high-speed collecting card, a computer controller, a spectrograph and a faraday rotator mirror. According to the optical fiber multi-parameter detecting system, the temperature, strain, vibration and displacement along the optical fibers are simultaneously measured in real time.