The invention discloses a preparation method of a drug-loaded nanofiber nerve guide, which comprises the following steps: (1) using chitosan and astragalus polysaccharide as raw materials, sodium tripolyphosphate as a crosslinking agent, and preparing astragalus by a chemical crosslinking method polysaccharide nanospheres; (2) mixing astragalus polysaccharide nanospheres with gelatin solution, and then vacuum freeze-drying to obtain the inner core of the nerve conduit; (3) dissolving gelatin and polylactic acid in hexafluoroisopropanol, and configuring it into a spinning solution, using the electrospinning method to prepare the fiber nerve guide shell; (4) filling the inner core of the nerve guide in the cavity of the fiber nerve guide shell, and then adding it to the genipin solution for cross-linking, after washing Freeze-dried, that is. The nerve conduit prepared by the method has excellent biocompatibility, mechanical properties and degradation properties, can provide porous channels for nerve fiber regeneration, and can slowly release astragalus polysaccharides to further accelerate the nerve repair process, thereby better treating peripheral nerve injuries.