The invention relates to a battery size optical measurement method and system. The method comprises the following steps that a measurement background and a point light source are provided, a battery to be measured is placed between the measurement background and the point light source, the main surface of the battery to be measured is toward the point light source, the distance S0 between the point light source and the measurement background is measured, and the distance S1 between the point light source and the main surface, toward which the point light source is, of the battery to be measured is measured; the point light source is controlled to irradiate the battery to be measured, a first projection image of the battery to be measured is formed on the measurement background, and the size of the image is measured; and according to the distance S0, the distance S1 and the size of the first projection image, the size of the battery is computed. The measurement system comprises a point light source, a measurement background and a projection size measuring element. According to the method and system, optical projection imaging is used, the size of the battery can be computed by determining the image size, operation is easy, convenient, quick and efficient, accuracy is high, human factor interference is eliminated, and the misjudgment rate is reduced. Measuring results are accurate and reliable, data can be checked and retraced, monitoring and analyzing processing are convenient, and enterprise competitiveness is improved.