The invention discloses a uniform energy storage and conversion control system. The system comprises a single-phase multi-winding isolation transformer, an energy storage and conversion device, a measurement circuit, a comprehensive optimization controller and an energy storage and conversion controller, wherein the single-phase multi-winding isolation transformer is connected with a power supply arm; the input side of the energy storage and conversion device is connected with a secondary-line winding, the energy storage and conversion device comprises at least one energy storage and conversion submodule, and each submodule comprises at least one two-way AC-DC converter, a two-way DC-DC converter and an energy storage module; the measurement circuit is connected with the power grid side and the traction side; the comprehensive optimization controller is connected with the measurement circuit; the energy storage and conversion controller is connected with the comprehensive optimization controller, the two-way AC-DC converter and the two-way DC-DC converter. The invention further provides a comprehensive optimization control method for the uniform energy storage and conversion control system. The uniform energy storage and conversion control system has the advantages that regenerative brake energy of a traction engine is stored and used in real time, charging energy storage during the valley time period and discharging energy supply during the peak time period are carried out preferentially, peak clipping and valley filling and demand side response management are achieved, power supply capacity is improved, and cost is reduced; negative sequence, idle work, harmonic wave, voltage fluctuation and deviation management is achieved.