The invention relates to a simulation device and test method for oscillating heat transfer performance of a cold oil duct in a piston.The simulation device for oscillating heat transfer performance ofthe cold oil duct in the piston comprises a main body oscillating device, a rectangular cavity heating device, a coolant supply collecting device, a high-speed photographic device, bolts, a mountingplatform, a control box, and a computer;the mounting platform is mounted on the upper side of the main body oscillating device and connected with the main body oscillating device,the rectangular cavity heating device is fixed to one end of the upper surface of the mounting platform through the bolts, the coolant supply collecting device is fixedly mounted on the other end of the upper surface of the mounting platform,the control box is connected with the computer, the main body oscillating device, the rectangular cavity heating device, the coolant supply collecting device, and the high-speed photographic device through wires for data transmission. According to the simulation device and test method for oscillating heat transfer performance of the cold oil duct in the piston, the oscillatingworking condition under the actual working condition of the piston is dynamically simulated, the oscillating flow characteristic of a coolantcan be intuitively observed by using the high-speed camera, at the same time the wall surface heat transfer coefficient can be calculated, and the oscillating heat transfer performance of the cold oil duct in the piston is further analyzed.