The invention discloses a visual navigation and inertial navigation combination navigation method based on an aircraft. The method comprises the following steps: 1, establishing a two-dimensional planar rectangular picture coordinate system; 2, acquiring video image data and aircraft pose data, and preprocessing images; 3, continuously tracking a characteristic point; 4, establishing a three-dimensional flight-path coordinate system; 5, calculating the speed vector of the flight-path; 6, resolving the attitude of the aircraft; 7, fusing data, and calculating the flight-path angle; 8, carrying out coordinate transformation, and acquiring the displacement matrix of the aircraft; and 9,repeating step 3 to step 8 multiple times until the continuous acquisition of the displacement matrix set of the images is completed in order to achieve the continuous combination navigation. The movement flight-path speed vector of the aircraft is obtained through visual navigation, the inertial navigation data is fused, and the error of the visual navigation is compensated and corrected to reconstruct the flight-path of the aircraft, so the aircraft can stably and autonomously fly.