The invention discloses a blockage prevention and removal control device and method based on a differential type large blast furnace injection system. According to the method, in the normal working process of the system, when pulverized coal accumulation or pulverized coal adhesion occurs in a coal conveying pipeline, friction rise exists in the coal conveying pipeline, so that phase deviation occurs to waveforms acquired by a pressure sensor at a discharge port, and meanwhile, the sine wave amplitude of the discharge port is reduced; the control device analyzes and calculates the acquired pressure data curves of a feed opening and the discharge port, calculates real parts, imaginary parts and effective values of the two curves in a phasor mode, and calculates a phase angle between the two curves according to the phasor; and when the obtained effective value and the phase angle both exceed preset threshold values, it is judged that the pipeline is blocked, and the control device controls the injection system to conduct blockage removal action. The device and the method have the characteristics of high reliability, high acquisition precision, high sampling speed, high action sensitivity, capability of pre-judging the coal conveying pipeline in advance, short blockage removal action time and the like.